Volume 5,Issue 4,2013 Table of Contents

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  • 1  Traditional Use, Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Quality Control of Species in Genus Bupleurum L.
    YAO Ru-yu ZOU Yuan-feng CHEN Xing-fu
    2013, 5(4):245-255. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(13)60036-2
    [Abstract](890) [HTML](0) [PDF 259.62 K](2179)
    Abstract:
    Many species of genus Bupleurum L. have been pharmaceutically used mainly in Asia and Europe for thousand years. Their roots are the most popular ingredients in Chinese materia medica prescriptions for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and auto-immune diseases. A plenty of chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from the species in Bupleurum L., such as saikosaponins, polysaccharides, volatile oils, flavonoids, polyacetylenes, lignins, and coumarins, most of which possess a variety of biological activities, especially for the hepatoprotective effect, antitumor activity, immunoregulation, and febrifuge efficacy. Therefore, the species in genus Bupleurum L. could be potential herbs of immunomodulator, antineoplastic, anti-oxidant, etc. Meanwhile, as potential toxicities have been discovered in some constituents, it is urgent to establish a comprehensive quality evaluation system to ensure the safety and efficiency of herbs. This paper reviews on the phytochemical and pharmacological studies, especially for the toxicology and quality control of the species in Bupleurum L., which is a reference for the species in this genus for safe usage and further development.
    2  Protection of Water Extract from Paeoniae Radix Rubra against Myocardial Ischemia in Mice Induced by Isoproterenol
    WANG Zhi-bao YANG Hui GUO Chun-yan
    2013, 5(4):256-259. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(13)60037-4
    [Abstract](1184) [HTML](0) [PDF 215.05 K](1890)
    Abstract:
    Objective To study the protective effect of the water extract from Paeoniae Radix Rubra (WEPRR) against myocardial ischemia in mice induced by isoproterenol (ISO). Methods The mice were randomly divided into six groups: positive control, normal control, model, low-, mid-, and high-dose [0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 g/(kg·d)] WEPRR groups. The mice in WEPRR groups were ig administered with WEPRR, the mice in the positive control group were ig administered with 0.98% Di’ao Xinxue Kang [(0.195 g/(kg·d)], and the mice in normal and model groups were ig administered with the same volume of physiological saline once daily for consecutive 11 d. On the day 7 from the beginning of the ig administration, the mice in the model and WEPRR groups were ip perfused with 0.02 g/(kg·d) ISO. After 15 min of the last medication, the mice were anesthetized with isoflurane gas, the blood was collected through venous sinus of eye orbit, then the mice were killed. The heart tissues were rapidly removed from the mice, washed in physiological saline, soaked in filter paper, and stored in ?80 ℃ until use. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), creatine kinase (CK) in serum, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the heart of mice were determined, respectively. Results Compared with the model group, the activities of LDH, CK-MB, and CK in serum, and the SOD of mice in the positive control and WEPRR groups were increased and the content of MDA in heart was decreased. Conclusion The WEPRR has the cardioprotective activities on ISO-induced myocardial ischemia.
    3  Effect of Cassia nomame on Small Intestine Movement, Diuresis, and Anti-inflammation in Rats
    WANG Dan WANG Wei-ning QI Bao-chan ZHANG Qiu-hua SUN Gui-yuan
    2013, 5(4):260-263. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(13)60038-6
    [Abstract](1013) [HTML](0) [PDF 191.67 K](2118)
    Abstract:
    Objective To investigate the preliminary pharmacological screening of Cassia nomame. Methods The effect of aqueous extract from C. nomame on gastrointestinal motor function was investigated by assessing the intestinal transit rate (ITR) of charcoal modeled into gastrointestinal motility dysfunction (GMD) by the administration of dopamine, atropine, or noradrenaline to the rats, respectively. Diuresis was studied in vivo by estimating the urine output. The anti-inflammatory activity was expressed as the percentage of swelling reduction by comparison on the mean thickness of ear swelling in mice. Results The ITR in these GMD animals was significantly retarded compared to that in normal animals. The retardation, however, was significantly inhibited by the ig administration of C. nomame (2 g/kg) for all GMD animals. The results suggested that C. nomame had the potential for development into a prokinetic agent that could prevent or alleviate GMD in patients. C. nomame increased urine output and suppressed significantly ear swelling induced by dirnethyl benzene in mice. Conclusion C. nomame could increase the gastrointestinal contractile activity of rats and has the effects of diuresis and anti-inflammation.
    4  Biodiversity and Antimicrobial Activity of Endophytic Fungi in Angelica sinensis
    JIANG Shu QIAN Da-wei YANG Nian-yun TAO Jin-hua DUAN Jin-ao
    2013, 5(4):264-271. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(13)60039-8
    [Abstract](774) [HTML](0) [PDF 164.78 K](2423)
    Abstract:
    Objective To systematically investigate the biodiversity, ecological distribution, and antimicrobial activities of the endophytic fungi in Angelica sinensis growing in several natural habitats in China. Methods The isolation, culture, and identification of microorganism and mycelium growth inhibition test were adopted, and the relative data were analyzed by the statistical methods. Results A total of 206 isolates of endophytic fungi representing 22 species were collected at different time periods from A. sinensis in three locations. Melanconiaceae (45.1%) was the most prevalent followed by Dematiaceae (34.0%), mycelia sterilia (17.0%), Tuberculariaceae (2.9%), Moniliaceae (0.5%), and Leptostromataceae (0.5%). The main genera were Gongromella Ribaldi, Coniosporieae Lk. ex Fr., Fusella Sacc., Myxormia B. ex Br., Ozonium Lk. ex Fr., Pestalotia de Not., Phacodium Pers. ex Wallr., and Sphaceloma de Barry. Endophytes from the samples of Min county showed more diversity, percentage colonization, and species richness compared to other two locations. Endophytic colonization frequency was also greater in Min county (56.5%) than those in Heqing county (29.5%) and Baoxing county (17.0%). As to endophytic community in different plant tissues, the maximum endophytes species richness and diversity appeared in root tissues rather than in stem and leaf tissues from each location. Leaf samples were colonized by greater numbers of endophytes relative to the stem and root samples of the same location. Antimicrobial assay of the 206 endophytes showed that 20% was capable of inhibiting plant pathogenic fungi and eight strains displayed strong inhibition. Conclusion Endophytic fungi isolated from A. sinensis are specific in location, tissue, and season, and diverse in species. They are potential sources of antimicrobial agents which might improve the stress resistance and growth of this medicinal plant and play the important biological functions in ecosystem. Therefore, endophytic fungi will explore a new way to control plant diseases and develop healthful Chinese crude drugs.
    5  Quality Evaluation of Astragali Radix Products by Quantitative Analysis of Multi-components by Single Marker
    SUN Jie JIANG Zhen-zuo YAN Rui-qing OLALEYE Olajide ZHANG Xiao-long CHAI Xin WANG Yue-fei
    2013, 5(4):272-279. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(13)60040-4
    [Abstract](862) [HTML](0) [PDF 183.61 K](2149)
    Abstract:
    Objective To develop a quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker (QAMS) method for the simultaneous determination of eight components in Astragali Radix products, and to examine the feasibility of using the method among the different dosage forms and between two different types of compounds. Methods Eight main effective components, campanulin, genistin, ononin, calycosin, genistein, formononetin, methylnissolin, and astragaloside IV were selected as analytes for the quality control of Astragali Radix products. Calycosin was selected as the internal reference substance, the content of which was determined by external standard method; the relative correction factors (RCFs) of campanulin, genistin, ononin, genistein, formononetin, methylnissolin, and astragaloside IV were calculated. In total, twelve Astragali Radix specimen in decoction pieces, as well as in two different dosage forms, such as granule and oral liquid products, were used for the quality control by both methods of external standard and QAMS. The validity of the QAMS method was evaluated by comparison on the quantitative results of the two methods. Results These RCFs were obtained with good reproducibility (RSD < 6.5%) by using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector under various chromatographic conditions. Meanwhile, no obvious differences (RSD < 3.98%) were found in the quantitative results of the seven components in twelve samples of Astragali Radix products determined by the two methods. Conclusion QAMS is a reliable and feasible method in determining the components in products of Astragali Radix.
    6  Complementary Application of HSCCC and Semi-preparative HPLC for Rapid Separation of Phenylethanoid Glycosides from Penstemon digitalis
    WANG Qi-yan XIE Jun FANG Sheng SHEN Xiu-lian LI Qi WU Xiu-hua TANG Shao-hu
    2013, 5(4):280-285. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(13)60041-6
    [Abstract](847) [HTML](0) [PDF 241.96 K](2046)
    Abstract:
    Objective Echinacoside and verbascoside are known for their excellent neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative activities, therefore large amount of pure compounds are urgently needed as authentic standards for various in vivo and in vitro studies. Nowadays, they are abundenty extracted from endangered Cistanche spp. Phytochemical studies revealed that Penstemon spp., comprising about 280 species, were rich natural sources for the exploitation and large scale preparation of phenylethanoid glycosides. Thus, rapid isolation and purification of various phenylethanoid glycosides from Penstemon spp. were necessary. Methods The crude extract of P. digitalis was first enriched by AB-8, and then the high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) combined with semi- preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was adopted to isolate and purify echinacoside and verbascoside. Results Eventually, verbascoside (67.2 mg) with the purity of 92.6% and echinacoside (3.96 mg) with the purity of 98.9% were obtained from 5 g powdered leaves of P. digitalis. Conclusion The present mode of HSCCC coupled with semi-preparative HPLC could be a powerful method for the rapid isolation and purification of other phenylethanoid glycosides.
    7  Simultaneous Determination of Cephaeline and Emetine in Ipecac and Its Preparations Using RP-HPLC
    HAN Gui-ru WANG Yue-feng FENG Shu-hua JIA Yong-xin
    2013, 5(4):286-291. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(13)60042-8
    [Abstract](1623) [HTML](0) [PDF 194.70 K](2686)
    Abstract:
    Objective To control the quality of ipecac and its preparations, and to investigate the simultaneous quantitative determination of cephaeline and emetine. Methods After ultrasonic extraction with acidic methanol solution or direct diluting preparations, cephaeline hydrochloride and emetine hydrochloride in ipecac and its preparations were separated within 20 min using a mixture of acetonitrile-methanol-0.1% phosphoric acid (9:3:88) as the mobile phase on a C18 column by HPLC. UV detector was set at 205 nm. The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL/min. Results The methodological study showed that a good linear correlation existed in the range of 0.014 56—0.2184 μg (r = 0.999 97) for cephaeline hydrochloride and 0.0321—0.321 μg (r = 0.999 97) for emetine hydrochloride, respectively. The average recovery of cephaeline hydrochloride and emetine hydrochloride was 96.93% and 99.47%, and the RSD values (n = 9) were 1.31% and 2.02%, respectively. Conclusion The assay is sensitive, accurate, specific, and applicable to comprehensive evaluation on the quality of ipecac and its preparations.
    8  Screening of Phytoestrogenic Effective Extracts and Dose of Cistanche deserticola
    LI Wen-lan CHEN Qiang YANG Bo GAO Shang ZHANG Jin-jin
    2013, 5(4):292-296. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(13)60043-X
    [Abstract](1071) [HTML](0) [PDF 174.24 K](2087)
    Abstract:
    Objective To screen the phytoestrogenic effective extracts and dose of Cistanche deserticola including estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities. Methods The effect of phytoestrogen was determined through uterus growth test in low and high estrogen female model mice. Then MTT assay of the estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells MCF-7 was conducted with the medicated serum of mice. Results After ig administration with 95% ethanol extract of C. deserticola [EECD, 30 g/(kg·d)], the uterus coefficient of low estrogen model mice increased. The medicated serum of 30 g/(kg·d) EECD significantly promoted the proliferation of MCF-7 cells. 40 g/(kg·d) EECD + diethylstilbestrol significantly inhibited the growth of the uterus in high estrogen model mice and the proliferation of MCF-7 cells as well. Conclusion With the dose of 30 g/(kg·d), EECD could exert quasi estrogen effect, and with the dose of 40 g/(kg·d), EECD could exert the estrogen antagonistic action. The method established is accurate and reliable, which could be used for the follow-up studies on the phytoestrogen material basis of C. deserticola.
    9  Simultaneous Determination of Four Active Ingredients in Wuji Pellet by HPLC
    WANG Qun LIU Wen YANG Song CHEN Da-ye CHEN Zhong-fen
    2013, 5(4):297-300. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(13)60044-1
    [Abstract](639) [HTML](0) [PDF 116.94 K](1737)
    Abstract:
    Objective To apply the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to the determination of four ingredients including paeoniflorin, berberine, evodiamine, and rutaecarpin in Wuji Pellet. Methods Using Thermo-ODS2-Hypersil column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) and taking acetonitrile-0.05 mol/L monopotassium phosphate as mobile phase for elution, the conditions were as follows, flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, UV detector wavelength of 225 nm, and column temperature of 25 ℃. Results The standard curves of paeoniflorin, berberine, evodiamine, and rutaecarpine showed a good linear relationship in 0.0124—0.124, 0.0349—0.349 mg/mL, and 0.6—6, 0.5—5 μg/mL. The average recovery rates were 99.45%, 97.69%, 98.18%, and 98.46%, respectively. Conclusion The method is of high sensitivity and nice reproducibility, and it could be used for the simultaneous determination of the four ingredients in Wuji Pellet.
    10  Comparison on HPLC Fingerprints between Fraxini Cortex and Its Eye Drop
    XIE Rui-fang ZHAO Qiu-hua LI Zhi-cheng ZHOU Xin
    2013, 5(4):301-306. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(13)60045-3
    [Abstract](958) [HTML](0) [PDF 195.62 K](2284)
    Abstract:
    Objective To compare the HPLC fingerprints of Fraxini Cortex and its eye drop. Methods Using esculin and esculetin as reference substances, HPLC method was established for fingerprint chromatography of Fraxini Cortex and its eye drop. The similarity was analyzed by similarity evaluation and system cluster analysis. Results For Fraxini Cortex, eight peaks were separated, among which four common peaks were obtained; for eye drop, eleven peaks were separated including six common peaks. Similarities of both fingerprints were good. Cluster analysis further showed that different sources resulted in the variance of ingredients in crude drug. Both materials and eye drop had some common peaks such as esculin and esculetin, on the other hand, they had some different peaks which might be caused by extracting process. Conclusion HPLC fingerprint chromatogram could be applied for the quality control of Fraxini Cortex and its preparations; the pharmaceutical process may be responsible for the variance of ingredients.
    11  Fingerprint Analysis of Codonopsis Radix by HPLC Coupled with Chemometrics Analysis
    CHEN Fang-fang QI Huan-yang SHI Yan-ping
    2013, 5(4):307-312. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(13)60046-5
    [Abstract](1120) [HTML](0) [PDF 291.29 K](2301)
    Abstract:
    Objective To establish a validated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the fingerprint analysis of Codonopsis Radix and for the determination of lobetyolin. Methods HPLC coupled with diode array detection method was employed to establish the fingerprint profile and quantitative determination of lobetyolin in Codonopsis Radix. Principal component analysis method was employed to analyze the 52 Codonopsis Radix samples. Results The reference chromatogram was generated with 25 common peaks showing good separation from adjacent peaks. Conclusion Statistical analysis of the obtained data demonstrates that the developed HPLC fingerprint combined with chemometric is a reliable method for the similar evaluation and quality assessment of Codonopsis Radix, and other traditional Chinese herbs.
    12  Chemical Constituents from Dried Aerial Parts of Eclipta prostrata
    HAN Li-feng ZHAO Jing ZHANG Yi KOJO Agyemang LIU Er-wei WANG Tao
    2013, 5(4):313-316. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(13)60047-7
    [Abstract](1205) [HTML](0) [PDF 215.16 K](2611)
    Abstract:
    Objective To study the constituents in the dried aerial parts of Eclipta prostrata. Methods The constituents were isolated and purified by column chromatography and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods (1D, 2D NMR, UV, IR, and HRESI-TOF-MS) and chemical analyses. Results Eight compounds were isolated and identified as 7-O-methylorobol-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), 3′-hydroxybiochanin A (2), echinocystic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), ecliptasaponin A (4), eclalbasaponin I (5), eclalbasaponin IV (6), echinocystic acid (7), and 3-oxo-16α-hydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid (8). Conclusion Compound 1 is a new compound and compound 3 is obtained from this genus for the first time.
    13  Sesquiterpenes from Stems of Syringa pinnatifolia var. alashanensis
    WANG Qing-hu AO Wu-li-ji WU Xiao-lan TAI Wen-quan DAI Nayintai
    2013, 5(4):317-319. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(13)60048-9
    [Abstract](1222) [HTML](0) [PDF 154.24 K](1829)
    Abstract:
    Objective To study the chemical constituents of the volatile oil from the stems of Syringa pinnatifolia var. alashanensis. Methods The volatile oil from the stems of S. pinnatifolia var. alashanensis was obtained by steam distillation. They were isolated by chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 columns and TLC, etc. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Results Five sesquiterpenes were isolated from the volatile oil. Conclusion Compound 1 is a new sesquiterpene.
    14  A New Diarylheptanoid from Barks of Mangifera indica
    YU Xiao-xia XIAO Yue XU Zu-jiang LI Guo-cheng
    2013, 5(4):320-322. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(13)60049-0
    [Abstract](762) [HTML](0) [PDF 172.01 K](1788)
    Abstract:
    Objective To study the chemical constituents from the barks of Mangifera indica. Methods The constituents were separated and purified by different methods of chromatography, and their structures were elucidated by IR, MS, 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Results Six compounds were isolated from the barks of M. indica. Their structures were identified as mangiferone (1), mangiferin (2), myricetin (3), myricitrin (4), rutin (5), and quercetin (6). Conclusion Mangiferone (1) is a new diarylheptanoid compound isolated from the barks of M. indica.

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