2017, Vol. 48
引用本文 | doi: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2017.04.031 |
侯文彬, 单淇, 江纪武, 郑礼胜, 廖茂梁, 华洁, 周福军, 王淼, 潘明佳, 陈常青. 2014年新天然活性化合物简介[J]. 中草药, 2017, 48(4): 808-842.
HOU Wen-bin, SHAN Qi, JIANG Ji-wu, ZHENG Li-sheng, LIAO Mao-liang, HUA Jie, ZHOU Fu-jun, WANG Miao, PAN Ming-jia, CHEN Chang-qing. Profile of new natural active compounds in 2014[J]. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 2017, 48(4): 808-842 .
2014年新天然活性化合物简介
天津药物研究院, 天津 300193
摘要:
化合物名称规范化非常重要，规范化的原则是科学性、系统性、单义性、开放性、回译性、词根对译、简单易记等。从11种国外期刊和4种国内期刊检索2014年发表的论文222篇，检索到新天然活性化合物592个。对于新化合物的命名，可能存在争议，592个新化合物的名称均按上述命名原则进行规范。
关键词:
新天然活性化合物
命名原则
单义性
开放性
回译性
词根对译
Profile of new natural active compounds in 2014
HOU Wen-bin
, SHAN Qi, JIANG Ji-wu
, ZHENG Li-sheng, LIAO Mao-liang, HUA Jie, ZHOU Fu-jun, WANG Miao, PAN Ming-jia, CHEN Chang-qing
, SHAN Qi, JIANG Ji-wu, ZHENG Li-sheng, LIAO Mao-liang, HUA Jie, ZHOU Fu-jun, WANG Miao, PAN Ming-jia, CHEN Chang-qing
Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, China
Abstract:
The standardization of compound nomenclature is of vital importance. The principles of standardization include scientificity, systematization, monosemy, openness, and back-translatability. The standardized compound names should also be cross-translatable from roots of the words and easy to remember. The article indexed 592 new active natural compounds, referencing 222 papers from 11 leading foreign periodicals and four domestic journals. The names of new compounds in the paper may be controversial, but the nomenclature was complied with the above principles of standardization.
Key words:
new natural active compounds
naming principles
monosemy
open
back translation
root of translation
中药是中华民族的瑰宝，中药约86%是植物药，其次是动物药和矿物药。中药活性成分是新药研发的热门领域，获得诺贝尔奖的青蒿素就是其中的突出代表。在信息化的潮流中，新天然活性化合物就是瑰宝中的“钻石矿”，宜集中优势科技人员，在大数据和云计算等先进科技指引下，通过信息服务抢得先机，创新性地实现“人在干、数在转、云在算”大协作精神，促进新药研发的现代化。
本文从11种国外期刊和4种国内期刊检索2014年发表的论文222篇，检索到新天然活性化合物592个。化合物名称规范化非常重要，规范化的原则是科学性、系统性、单义性、开放性、回译性、词根对译、简单易记等，如词尾为“in”，译成素，按单义性原则，就不能译成苷（oside）等；如生物碱词尾应为“ine”。本文在此思想指导下，将2014年期刊中报道的新天然活性化合物进行简要介绍。
1 收录期刊简介查阅11种国外期刊和4种中国大陆期刊，检索文献222篇，新天然活性化合物592个。各期刊的文献和化合物数量见表 1。查阅过的期刊尚有《中国药学杂志》《中国中药杂志》和《中国药物化学杂志》，但未见新活性化合物。
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表 1 收录期刊简介 Table 1 Profiles of included journals |
2 新天然化合物名称命名原则
化合物名称命名原则是科学性、系统性、单义性、开放性、回译性、翻得过来、译得过去、简单易记、名从主人等。每个国家都有权按其本国文字对其新发现的化合物命名一个得体的俗名（化学名不算俗名），以便记忆和信息交流。中国不应放弃对新化合物的命名权，增强话语权，不论在发表的中文和英文论文中，对发现的新化合物，按名从主人原则，命名一个中文俗名，然后按回译性原则翻译成英文俗名。如表 2中化合物491，在原文中只有很长的化学名，未命名中英文俗名，笔者代拟中英文俗名链霉氨酸（streptaminoic acid）。又如化合物452、453，在文章标题和摘要中为sinomacutine A、B，但在正文中为salisonine A、B，前后不一致，salisonine词义为何，如何译成中文，使读者困扰。是否可命名为青藤亭碱（sinomacutine）A、B。
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表 2 2014年新发现的天然活性化合物 Table 2 New natural active compounds found in 2014 |
592个新天然活性化合物按英文名称字母顺序排列，列出中英文名称、类别、分子式、物理性质、生物来源、生物活性和参考文献，具体见表 2。其中，萜类199个，苷类113个，生物碱类77个，柠檬苦素类25个，根皮酚类25个，木脂素类24个，黄酮类19个，缩酚酸酮类18个，甾体类16个，苯丙素类10个，肽类10个，聚酮类8个，x±s酮类5个，其他类43个。每个化合物只属于一类（归属到一类），跨类者不重计，如黄酮苷、萜苷不计入黄酮和萜类。
3 结语本文检索到的2014年新活性天然化合物592个，还有很多未被本文收录的新活性化合物，再加上未报道活性的新化合物就更多了。一年有这么多的新化合物被发现，可见从自然界寻找新活性化合物仍然是新药研究的热门领域。这么多的新化合物，极大多数只命名英文名，而没有中文名，如何将这些英文名翻译成规范的中文名，是本文的重要内容。中文名称规范化的原则是科学性、系统性、单义性、开放性、回译性等，并按形义兼顾、词根对译的方法，将500多个新化合物外文名翻译出比较合理的中文名称，这是一件既繁又难的工作，以期专家学者指正，以便逐步完善。
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