药物评价研究  2016, Vol. 39 Issue (3): 433-436
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卡前列素氨丁三醇、米索前列醇和缩宫素联合应用治疗产后出血的疗效分析
党玮1, 李冰1, 付天芳1, 李彩娟1, 齐进2     
1. 渭南市妇幼保健院产科, 陕西 渭南 714000;
2. 西北妇女儿童医院妇科, 陕西 西安 710061
摘要: 目的 探讨卡前列素氨丁三醇、米索前列醇和缩宫素联合应用治疗产后出血的疗效。 方法 选择2013年2月-2015年9月在渭南市妇幼保健院进行诊治的产后出血患者100例,随机分为两组,其中观察组55例,给予卡前列素氨丁三醇、米索前列醇和缩宫素联合治疗;对照组45例,给予缩宫素治疗,观察两组的临床疗效、术中出血量、术后2 h出血量、术后24 h出血量、产后出血持续时间和住院时间,记录两组不良反应的发生情况。 结果 与对照组相比,观察组的术中出血量、术后2 h出血量和术后24 h出血量均明显减少(P<0.05);观察组的治疗总有效率为92.73%(51/55),明显高于对照组80.00%(36/45)(P<0.05);观察组的产后出血持续时间和住院时间均明显短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组间不良反应发生率相比,差异无统计学意义。 结论 卡前列素氨丁三醇、米索前列醇和缩宫素联合应用治疗产后出血疗效显著,能够有效减少术后出血量,缩短止血时间和住院时间,安全有效,值得临床应用推广。
关键词: 卡前列素氨丁三醇     米索前列醇     缩宫素     产后出血    
Clinical observation of carboprost tromethamine and misoprostol combined with oxytocin in treatment of postpartum hemorrhage
DANG Wei1, LI Bing1, FU Tian-fang1, LI Cai-juan1, QI Jin2     
1. Obstetrical Department of Weinan Matemty and Child Health Care Hospital, Weinan 714000, China ;
2. Gynecology Department of Northwest Matemty and Children's Hospital, Xi'an 710061, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the clinical effective of carboprost tromethamine and misoprostol combined with oxytocin in treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. Methods Totally 100 cases of patients with postpartum hemorrhage were treated in Weinan Matemty and Child Health Care Hospital from January 2013 to September 2015, and they were randomly divided into observation group (55 cases) and control group (45 cases). The patients in observation group were treated with carboprost tromethamine and misoprostol combined with oxytocin, the control group was treated with oxytocin. The clinical effect of the two groups, the amount of intraoperative hemorrhage volume, postoperative 2 h bleeding, postoperative 24 h bleeding volume, duration time of postpartum hemorrhage and hospitalization time, and occurrence of adverse reactions in the two groups were observed. Results Compared with the control group, the amounts of blood loss, 2 h postoperative bleeding volume, and 24 h postoperative bleeding volume were significantly decreased (P<0.05); The total effective rate of observation group was 92.73% (51/55) which was significantly higher than that in control group 80.00% (36/45) (P<0.05); The duration time of postpartum hemorrhage and hospitalization time in the observation group were significantly shorter than tht in control group (P<0.05); The adverse reaction rate between the two groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion The curative effect of carboprost tromethamine, misoprostol combined with oxytocin in treatment of postpartum hemorrhage is remarkable, can effectively reduce the amount of bleeding, shorten the time of bleeding and hospitalization time, safe and effective, which is worthy of clinical application.
Key words: carboprost tromethamine     misoprostol     oxytocin     postpartum hemorrhage    

产后出血是指胎儿娩出后24 h内出血量超过500 mL的现象,是导致孕产妇死亡的主要原因[1]。有大约70%的产后出血是由于宫缩乏力引起的[2],因此临床上常用能加强子宫收缩的药物如缩宫素、米索前列醇等来预防产后出血[3]。卡前列素氨丁三醇作为子宫收缩剂能高效而安全的对产后出血进行治疗,当使用常规的药物和物理治疗无效时,该药能发挥强而持久的收缩子宫平滑肌的作用。本研究主要探讨了卡前列素氨丁三醇、米索前列醇和缩宫素联合用药治疗产后出血的临床效果。

1 资料和方法 1.1 一般资料

选择2013年2月—2015年9月渭南市妇幼保健院的产后出血患者100例,产后24 h出血量超过500 mL,排除胎盘残留、凝血功能障碍和软产道损伤,并确诊是由于宫缩乏力导致的产后出血。随机分为观察组和对照组,其中观察组55例,年龄21~40岁,平均(28.12±6.85)岁;初产妇28例,经产妇27例;自然分娩患者41例,剖宫产患者14例。对照组45例,年龄21~39岁,平均(29.03±3.68)岁;初产妇22例,经产妇23例;自然分娩患者35例,剖宫产患者10例。两组的基线资料比较差异无统计学意义,具有可比性。

1.2 治疗方法

待胎儿娩出后,对照组:给予自然分娩患者im缩宫素(上海第一生化药业有限公司,规格0.5 mL:2.5 U,批号081215)20 U,剖宫产患者则静脉滴注缩宫素20 U,合并宫体注射缩官素20 U;观察组:在对照组用药的基础上,给予宫体注射卡前列素氨丁三醇(常州四药制药有限公司,规格1 mL:0.25 mg/支,批号20120189)250 μg,自然分娩患者口服米索前列醇400 μg,剖宫产患者肛塞米索前列醇(北京紫竹药业有限公司,规格0.2 mg/片,批号20121026)400 μg。观察两组的临床疗效、术中出血量、术后2 h出血量、术后24 h出血量、产后出血持续时间和住院时间;记录两组不良反应的发生情况。

1.3 疗效判断标准[4]

①治愈:1次给药后10 min,患者子宫收缩显著改善,阴道出血量明显减少;②显效:1次给药后20分钟,患者子宫收缩显著改善,阴道出血量明显减少;③有效:2次给药后30 min,患者子宫收缩有所好转,阴道出血量有所减少;④无效:多次给药后,患者子宫收缩无好转,阴道出血量也无减少。

总有效率=(治愈+显效+有效)/本组样本数

1.4 统计学分析

采用SPSS15.00软件,组间对比用t检验,组内对比用方差分析,计数资料用卡方检验。

2 结果 2.1 两组术中和术后出血量的比较

与对照组比较,观察组的术中出血量、术后2 h出血量和术后24 h出血量均明显减少(P<0.05),见表 1

表 1 两组术中和术后出血量的比较(x±s) Table 1 Comparison on intraoperative and postoperative bleeding volumes between two groups (x±s)

2.2 两组临床疗效的比较

经过治疗,观察组的总有效率为92.73%(51/55),明显高于对照组80.00%(36/45)(P<0.05),见表 2

表 2 两组临床疗效的比较 Table 2 Comparison on clinical effects between two groups

2.3 两组产后出血持续时间和住院时间的比较

观察组的产后出血持续时间为(29.1±6.8)h,住院时间为(6.2±1.5)d,均明显短于对照组 (P<0.05),见表 3

表 3 两组产后出血持续时间和住院时间的比较(x±s) Table 3 Comparison on duration time of postpartum hemorrhage andhospitalization time between two groups(x±s)

2.4 两组不良反应发生情况的比较

观察组出现2例恶心呕吐,4例术后感染,4例血压一过性升高,不良反应发生率为18.18%;对照组出现3例恶心呕吐,3例术后感染,3例血压一过性升高,不良反应发生率为20.00%。两组患者的不良反应发生率比较无明显差异。

3 讨论

产后出血的发病率为2%~3%,是产妇分娩中较为严重的一种产科并发症,也是我国孕产妇死亡的首位原因[5-6]。剖宫产的产妇常常伴有产前出血、早产、前置胎盘、胎儿巨大等现象,这些问题均会引起产后出血的发生[7-8]。同时,时机的选择和手术的方式也会对术后的出血量产生影响[9-11]。孕产妇如果出现产后出血指征,应进行及早、针对性的治疗干预,尽最大程度预防产后出血的发生,这对于提高抢救治疗的成功率和确保母婴健康,具有非常重要的意义[12-15]。卡前列素氨丁三醇通过升高胞浆内Ca2+的水平以促进平滑肌的收缩,能有效对抗机体酶类对其的消除,具有生物活性高、半衰期长的特点,因此使用时只需较少的用量即可发挥疗效[16-17]。米索前列醇不但有较强的收缩作用,还能软化宫颈、扩张宫颈管、促宫颈成熟[18],其吸收速度较快,达到峰值仅需30 min,在降低剖宫产率和治疗产后出血方面疗效显著,且个体敏感性差异不大,作用效果不受个体激素水平的影响,具有可口服、吸收好、起效迅速、作用维持时间长等优点[19-20]

胎儿娩出后,一般使用缩宫素促进子宫收缩。虽然缩宫素的缩宫作用效果较为明显,但该药半衰期较短,作用时间短,第三产程结束后,其就已经被灭活消除,药效接近完全消失。另外,临床上应用缩宫素时,要对产妇的雌激素和孕激素水平、子宫平滑肌的敏感性等进行综合考虑,个体差异不同,其产生的效果也会不同,应用缩宫素治疗产后出血的作用效果因而受到抑制。有报道指出,大剂量应用缩宫素可能会使产妇发生水中毒[21]。本研究探讨了卡前列素氨丁三醇、米索前列醇和缩宫素联合用药治疗产后出血的疗效,结果发现,卡前列素氨丁三醇、米索前列醇和缩宫素联合用药能明显减少术中出血量、术后2 h出血量和术后24 h出血量,提高治疗产后出血的总有效率,缩短产后出血持续时间和住院时间。由此说明,三种药物联合应用治疗产后出血具有协同作用,能更好的帮助和促进产妇的早日康复。

综上所述,卡前列素氨丁三醇、米索前列醇和缩宫素联合用药治疗产后出血疗效显著,能够有效减少术后出血量,缩短止血时间和住院时间,安全有效,值得临床应用推广。

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