Volume 15,Issue 3,2023 Table of Contents

1 Essential role of medicine and food homology in health and wellness

Junshi Chen

2023, 15(3):347-348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2023.05.001

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Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an ancient healing system that has been practiced for thousands of years in China and other East Asian countries. According to the TCM theory, medicine and food share the same origin and may have the same functions in the prevention and treatment of various health conditions. This is how the concept of medicine and food homology is developed and popularized. In China, an official list of medicine and food homology substances is promulgated by the China National Health Commission (formerly Ministry of Health) (NHC, 2002; NHC, 2020a; NHC, 2020b). All these substances are included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and safe to be used as food.

2 Natto: A medicinal and edible food with health function

Chunfang Wang a , b , Jinpeng Chen b , c , d , Wenguo Tiana , b , Yanqi Han b , c , d , Xu Xu b , c , d , Tao Ren b , c , d , Chengwang Tian b , c , d , , Changqing Chen b , c , d ,

2023, 15(3):349-359. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2023.02.005

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Natto is a soybean product fermented by natto bacteria. It is rich in a variety of amino acids, vitamins, proteins and active enzymes. It has a number of biological activities, such as thrombolysis, prevention of osteoporosis, antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant and so on. It is widely used in medicine, healthcare food, biocatalysis and other fields. Natto is rich in many pharmacological active substances and has significant medicinal research value. This paper summarizes the pharmacological activities and applications of natto in and outside China, so as to provide references for further research and development of natto.

3 Phyllanthi Fructus: A modal medicinal and food homologous item in quality evaluation

Gefei Li a , Yurou Jiang a , Dingkun Zhang a , Li Han a , Taigang Mo b , Sanhu Fanb , Haozhou Huang c , , Junzhi Lin d ,

2023, 15(3):360-368. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2022.10.006

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Phyllanthi Fructus is a highly unique medicine and food homologous item, which exhibits distinctive flavor, notable nutritional value, and abundant pharmacological activity. It has enormous potential in the creation of health products and pharmaceuticals. However, due to the unique laws of quality formation and transfer of Phyllanthi Fructus, its appearance, shape, chemical compositions, nutrients, and sensory flavors are frequently greatly influenced by botanical resources, the processing and storage conditions. As a result, the current quality evaluation model is difficult to meet the needs of Phyllanthi Fructus as a medicine and food homologous item in the development of diversified products. This paper constructs the hierarchical utilization mode of Phyllanthi Fructus based on its unique quality formation and transmission laws, explores the quality evaluation model for food-oriented use and medicinal-oriented use, respectively, and systematically describes the quality evaluation idea under diversified application scenarios. This paper aims to serve as a reference for the construction of a quality evaluation model suitable for the medicine and food homologous item of Phyllanthi Fructus.

4 Perilla frutescens: A traditional medicine and food homologous plant

Xinling Wu a , b , c , Shuting Dong b , c , Hongyu Chen b , c , Miaoxian Guo b , c , Zhiying Sun a , , Hongmei Luo b , c ,

2023, 15(3):369-375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2023.03.002

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Perilla frutescens, an annual herb of the Labiatae family, has been cultivated in China for more than 2000 years. P. frutescens is the one of the first medicinal and edible plant published by the Ministry of Health. Its leaves, stems and seeds can be used as medicine and edible food. Because of the abundant nutrients and bioactive components in this plant, P. frutescens has been studied extensively in medicine, food, health care and chemical fields with great prospects for development. This paper reviews the cultivation history, chemical compositions and pharmacological activities of P. frutescens, which provides a reference for the development and utilization of P. frutescens resources.

5 Germplasm resources and secondary metabolism regulation in Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum)

Xinyu He a , Yiwen Chen a , Zhenhao Li b , Ling Fang b , Haimin Chen a , Zongsuo Liang a , c , Ann Abozeid d , Zongqi Yang a , , Dongfeng Yang a , c ,

2023, 15(3):376-382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2023.01.005

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Ganoderma lucidum is a valuable medical macrofungus with a myriad of diverse secondary metabolites, in which triterpenoids are the major constituents. This paper introduced the germplasm resources of genus Ganoderma from textual research, its distribution and identification at the molecular level. Also we overviewed G. lucidum in the components, the biological activities and biosynthetic pathways of ganoderic acid, aiming to provide scientific evidence for the development and utilization of G. lucidum germplasm resources and the biosynthesis of ganoderic acid.

6 Proteins: Neglected active ingredients in edible bird's nest

Man Yuan a , Xiaoxian Lin a , Dongliang Wang a , b , , Jianye Dai a , b ,

2023, 15(3):383-390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2023.02.004

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Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is a kind of natural invigorant with a long history of consumption in Asia, especially in China. EBN is formed by mixing the saliva of swiftlets (Aerodramus) with feathers and other components during the breeding season. Proteins are the most important nutrient in EBN. By studying proteins in EBN, we can not only elucidate their components at the molecular level, but also study their bioactivities. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the proteins in EBN. Previous research on the proteins in EBN was preliminary and cursory, and no one has summarized and analyzed the proteins in EBN and correlated the bioactivities of these proteins with the biological functions of EBN. This article focused on the proteins in EBN, listed the proteins identified in different proteomic studies, and introduced the sources, structures and bioactivities of the most frequently identified proteins, including acidic mammalian chitinase, lysyl oxidase homolog 3, mucin-5AC, ovoinhibitor, nucleobindin-2, calcium-binding protein (MW: 4.5 × 104) and glucose-regulated protein (MW: 7.8 × 104). The properties of these proteins are closely related to the bioactivities of EBN. Therefore, this article can provide inspiration for further research on the efficacy of EBN.

7 Research and application of leek roots in medicinal field

Huaijian Wang a , Ying Tian a , Hao Tan a , Mengru Zhou a , Miao Li a , Yuchen Zhi a , Yanbin Shib , Xuefeng Li a ,

2023, 15(3):391-397. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2023.05.002

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Some Chinese herbs have been used to prevent and treat diseases, and are also used as common food ingredients. These Chinese herbs are potential resource for research and development of new drugs. Leek roots is a typical medicine of food and medicine continuum. It has a long history of medicinal applications and edible food in China. In this paper, the origin, biological active components, pharmacological action and clinical application of leek roots were introduced. We hope that this review will contribute to the development of leek roots for pharmaceutical research and clinical applications, as well as related health products.

8 Glucuronic acid metabolites of phenolic acids target AKT-PH domain to improve glucose metabolism

Jie Gao a , Manqian Zhang a , Xingwang Zu a , Xue Gu a , Erwei Hao b , Xiaotao Hou b , Gang Bai a , b ,

2023, 15(3):398-406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2022.11.005

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Objective: Phenolic acids widely exist in the human diet and exert beneficial effects such as improving glucose metabolism. It is not clear whether phenolic acids or their metabolites play a major role in vivo. In this study, caffeic acid (CA) and ferulic acid (FA), the two most ingested phenolic acids, and their glucuronic acid metabolites, caffeic-4'-O-glucuronide (CA4G) and ferulic-4'-O-glucuronide (FA4G), were investigated. Methods: Three insulin resistance models in vitro were established by using TNF-α, insulin and palmitic acid (PA) in HepG2 cells, respectively. We compared the effects of FA, FA4G, CA and CA4G on glucose metabolism in these models by measuring the glucose consumption levels. The potential targets and related pathways were predicted by network pharmacology. Fluorescence quenching measurement was used to analyze the binding between the compounds and the predicted target. To investigate the binding mode, molecular docking was performed. Then, we performed membrane recruitment assays of the AKT pleckstrin homology (PH) domain with the help of the PH-GFP plasmid. AKT enzymatic activity was determined to compare the effects between the metabolites with their parent compounds. Finally, the downstream signaling pathway of AKT was investigated by Western blot analysis. Results: The results showed that CA4G and FA4G were more potent than their parent compounds in increasing glucose consumption. AKT was predicted to be the key target of CA4G and FA4G by network pharmacology analysis. The fluorescence quenching test confirmed the more potent binding to AKT of the two metabolites compared to their parent compounds. The molecular docking results indicated that the carbonyl group in the glucuronic acid structure of CA4G and FA4G might bind to the PH domain of AKT at the key Arg-25 site. CA4G and FA4G inhibited the translocation of the AKT PH domain to the membrane, while increasing the activity of AKT. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the metabolites could increase the phosphorylation of AKT and downstream glycogen synthase kinase 3β in the AKT signaling pathway to increase glucose consumption. Conclusion: In conclusion, our results suggested that the metabolites of phenolic acids, which contain glucuronic acid, are the key active substances and that they activate AKT by targeting the PH domain, thus improving glucose metabolism.

9 An optimal medicinal and edible Chinese herbal formula attenuates particulate matter-induced lung injury through its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis activities

Huan Zhang a , Jun Kang b , Wuyan Guo a , Fujie Wang c , Mengjiao Guo a , Shanshan Feng a , Wuai Zhou d , Jinnan Li a , Ayesha T.Tahir e , Shaoshan Wang f , Xinjun Du g , Hui Zhao h , Wei-hua Wang i , Hong Zhu j , Bo Zhang a ,

2023, 15(3):407-420. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2022.08.003

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Objective: Identifying novel strategies to prevent particulate matter (PM)-induced lung injury is crucial for the reduction of the morbidity of chronic respiratory diseases. The combined intervention represented by herbal formulae for simultaneously targeting multiple pathological processes can provide a more beneficial effect than the single intervention. The aim of this paper is therefore to design a safe and effective medicinal and edible Chinese herbs (MECHs) formula against PM-induced lung injury. Methods: PM-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis A549 cell model were used to screen anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic MECHs, respectively. A network pharmacology method was utilized to rationally design a novel herbal formula. Ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer was utilized to assess the quality control of MECHs formula. The excretion of magnetic iron oxide nanospheres of the MECHs formula was estimated in zebrafish. The MECH formula against PM-induced lung injury was investigated with mice experiments. Results: Five selected herbs were rationally designed to form a new MECH formula, including Citri Exocarpium Rubrum (Juhong), Lablab Semen Album (Baibiandou), Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (Baizhu), Mori Folium (Sangye) and Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma (Yuzhu). The formula effectively promoted the magnetic iron oxide nanospheres excretion in zebrafish. The mid/high dose formula significantly prevented PM-induced lung damage in mice by enhancing the activity of SOD and GSH-Px, reducing the MDA and ROS level and attenuating the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α), down regulating the protein expression of NF-κB, STAT3 and Caspase-3. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the effective MECHs formula will become a novel strategy for preventing PM-induced lung injury and provide a paradigm for the development of functional foods using MECHs.

10 Cassiae Semen improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through autophagy-related pathway

Mingning Ding a , Fei Zhou a , Yijie Li a , Chuanyang Liu c , Yiqing Gu b , Jianzhi Wu a , Guifang Fan b , Yajing Li a , Xiaojiaoyang Li a ,

2023, 15(3):421-429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2022.09.006

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Objective: Cassiae Semen (CS, Juemingzi in Chinese) has been used for thousands of years in ancient Chinese history for relieving constipation, improving liver function as well as preventing myopia. Here we aimed to elucidate the anti-steatosis effect and underlying mechanism of CS against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify the major components of CS water extract. Mice were fed with a high-fat and sugar-water (HFSW) diet to induce hepatic steatosis and then treated with CS. The anti-NAFLD effect was determined by measuring serum biomarkers and histopathology staining. Additionally, the effects of CS on cell viability and lipid metabolism in oleic acid and palmitic acid (OAPA)-treated HepG2 cells were measured. The expression of essential genes and proteins involved in lipid metabolism and autophagy signalings were measured to uncover the underlying mechanism. Results: Five compounds, including aurantio-obtusin, rubrofusarin gentiobioside, cassiaside C, emodin and rhein were simultaneously identified in CS extract. CS not only improved the diet-induced hepatic steatosis in vivo, as indicated by decreased number and size of lipid droplets, hepatic and serum triglycerides (TG) levels, but also markedly attenuated the OAPA-induced lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. These lipid-lowering effects induced by CS were largely dependent on the inhibition of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and the activation of autophagy-related signaling, including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), light chain 3-II (LC3-II)/ LC3-1 and autophagy-related gene5 (ATG5). Conclusion: Our study suggested that CS effectively protected liver steatosis via decreasing FASN-related fatty acid synthesis and activating AMPK-mediated autophagy, which might become a promising therapeutic strategy for relieving NAFLD.

11 Neuroprotective effects of Longxue Tongluo Capsule on ischemic stroke rats revealed by LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics approach

Jing Sun a , b , Xianyang Chen c , Yongru Wang b , Yuelin Song a , Bo Pan a , Bei Fan b , Fengzhong Wang b , Xiaonan Chen a , Pengfei Tu a , Jiarui Han c , Huixia Huo a , , Jun Li a ,

2023, 15(3):430-438. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2022.12.010

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Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect and explore the underlying mechanisms of Longxue Tongluo Capsule (LTC) on ischemic stroke rats. Methods: Twenty-six rats were randomly divided into four groups, including sham group, sham + LTC group, MCAO group, and MCAO + LTC group. Ischemic stroke rats were simulated by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and LTC treatment group were orally administrated with 300 mg/kg of LTC once daily for seven consecutive days. LTC therapy was validated in terms of neurobehavioral abnormality evaluation, cerebral infarct area, and histological assessments. The plasma metabolome comparisons amongst different groups were conducted by UHPLC-Q Exactive MS in combination with subsequent multivariate statistical analysis, aiming to finding the molecules in respond to the surgery or LTC treatment. Results: Intragastric administration of LTC significantly decreased not only the neurobehavioral abnormality scores but also the cerebral infarct area of MCAO rats. The interstitial edema, atrophy, and pyknosis of glial and neuronal cells occurred in the infarcted area, core area, and marginal area of cerebral cortex were improved after LTC treatment. A total of 13 potential biomarkers were observed, and Youden index of 11 biomarkers such as LysoPC, SM, and PE were more than 0.7, which were involved in neuroprotective process. The correlation and pathway analysis showed that LTC was beneficial to ischemic stroke rats via regulating glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism, together with nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. Heatmap and ternary analysis indicated the synergistic effect of carbohydrates and lipids may be induced by flavonoid intake from LTC. Conclusion: The present study could provide evidence that metabolomics, as systematic approach, revealed its capacity to evaluate the holistic efficacy of TCM, and investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the clinical treatment of LTC on ischemic stroke.

12 Comparative chemical characters of Pseudostellaria heterophylla from geographical origins of China

Miao Sha , Xiaohuan Li , Yu Liu , Hongyue Tian , Xu Liang , Xia Li , Wenyuan Gao

2023, 15(3):439-446. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2022.10.005

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Objective: Pseudostellaria heterophylla has been paid more attention in recent years, mainly as a medicine food homology plant. The content determination of P. heterophylla is not specified in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (version 2020). The environmental conditions in different production areas could exert an influence on the quality of P. heterophylla. The purpose of this study is to discriminate P. heterophylla collected from different geographical origins of China. Methods: In this study, the content of polysaccharide in 28 batches of P. heterophylla was determined using phenol-sulfuric acid. HPLC fingerprints were established under optimised HPLC-PDA methods. Subsequently, the similarity analysis (SA) and the quantification of heterophyllin B were analyzed. The metabolites of P. heterophylla were identified and evaluated using UHPLC-Q Exactive HF orbitrap MS system. Principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and orthogonal PLS-DA (OPLS-DA) were performed based on all peak areas. Results: The polysaccharide content in Guizhou and Jiangsu was higher than that of other production areas, which varied significant from different origins. While the content of heterophyllin B in Anhui and Jiangsu was high. The correlation coefficients of HPLC fingerprints for 28 batches samples ranged from 0.877 to 0.990, and the characteristic map can be used to identify and evaluate the quality of P. heterophylla. The samples from Fujian, Guizhou, Jiangsu provinces can be relatively separated using multivariate statistical analysis including PCA, PLS-DA, HCA, OPLS-DA, indicating that their metabolic compositions were significantly different. Ultimately, a total of 15 metabolites which were filtrated by a VIP-value > 1 and a P-value ＜ 0.05 associated with the separation of different origins were identified. Conclusion: HPLC fingerprint was established to evaluate the quality and authenticity of P. heterophylla. The present work showed that the difference of geographic distributions had an influence on the internal chemical compositions. A sensitive and rapid untargeted metabolomics approach by UHPLC-Q Exactive HF orbitrap MS was utilized to evaluate P. heterophylla from different origins in China for the first time. Overall, this study provides insights to metabolomics of P. heterophylla and supplies important reference values for the development of functional foods.

13 An online automatic sorting system for defective Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra using deep learning

Qilong Xuea , b , Peiqi Miaoc , Kunhong Miaoa , b , Yang Yua , b , , Zheng Lia , b ,

2023, 15(3):447-456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2023.01.001

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Objective: To establish a deep-learning architecture based on faster region-based convolutional neural networks (Faster R-CNN) algorithm for detection and sorting of red ginseng (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra) with internal defects automatically on an online X-ray machine vision system. Methods: A Faster R-CNN based classifier was trained with around 20 000 samples with mean average precision value (mAP) of 0.95. A traditional image processing method based on feedforward neural network (FNN) obtained a bad performance with the accuracy, recall and specificity of 69.0%, 68.0%, and 70.0%, respectively. Therefore, the Faster R-CNN model was saved to evaluate the model performance on the defective red ginseng online sorting system. Results: An independent set of 2000 red ginsengs were used to validate the performance of the Faster RCNN based online sorting system in three parallel tests, achieving accuracy of 95.8%, 95.2% and 96.2%, respectively. Conclusion: The overall results indicated that the proposed Faster R-CNN based classification model has great potential for non-destructive detection of red ginseng with internal defects.

14 Seven new 3,4-dihydro-furanocoumarin derivatives from Angelica dahurica

Yang Wang a , Fanyu Shi a , Zihan Lu a , Mingliang Zhang a , Zekun Zhang a , Fangfang Jia a , b , Beibei Zhang a , Lishan Ouyang a , Zhixiang Zhu a , Shepo Shi a ,

2023, 15(3):457-462. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2023.02.001

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Objective: To study the chemical constituents of the roots of Angelica dahurica, a well-known Chinese herbal medicine named Baizhi in Chinese. Methods: Compounds were separated by various chromatographies, and the structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on the analysis of their spectroscopic and spectrometric data (1D, 2D NMR, HRESI MS, IR, and UV). The absolute configurations of the new compounds were determined by the calculated electronic circular dichroism and chemical derivatization. The inhibitory activities of all isolates against nitric oxide (NO) production were evaluated using lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Results: Seven new 3,4-dihydro-furanocoumarin derivatives (1a/1b, 2a/2b, 3a/3b, 4) together with a known furanocoumarin (5) were isolated from the roots of A. dahurica. The new compounds included three pairs of enantiomers, (4S, 2′′R)-angelicadin A (1a)/(4R, 2′′S)-angelicadin A (1b), (4S, 2′′S)-angelicadin A (2a)/(4R, 2′′R)-angelicadin A (2b), and (4S, 2′′S)-secoangelicadin A (3a)/(4R, 2′′R)-secoangelicadin A (3b), together with (4R, 2′′R)-secoangelicadin A methyl ester (4). The known xanthotoxol (5) inhibited the NO production with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of (32.8±0.8) μmol/L, but all the new compounds showed no inhibitory activities at the concentration of 100 μmol/L. Conclusion: This is the first report of the discovery of 3,4-dihydro-furanocoumarins from A. dahurica. The results are not only meaningful for the understanding of the chemical constituents of A. dahurica, but also enrich the reservoir of natural products.

15 Chemical constituents from leaves of Jatropha curcas

Yingjie Wang a , Di Zhou a , Xiaolin Bai b , Qingqi Meng c , Haihui Xie d , Guojiang Wu d , Gang Chen a , Yue Hou c , , Ning Li a ,

2023, 15(3):463-469. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2022.08.010

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Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents from the leaves of Jatropha curcas and evaluate their inhibition on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV-2 microglia cells. Methods: The n-BuOH extract of the leaves of J. curcas was isolated by macroporous adsorption resin, silica gel, ODS, column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC. The structures of the compounds were identified by MS, NMR, ECD, and other spectroscopic methods. In addition, anti-neuroinflammatory effects of isolated compounds were evaluated by measuring the production of nitric oxide (NO) in over-activated BV-2 cells. Results: Seventeen compounds, including (7R,8S)-crataegifin A-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), (8R,8'R)-arctigenin (2), arctigenin-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), (-)-syringaresinol (4), syringaresinol-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), (-)-pinoresinol (6), pinoresinol-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), buddlenol D (8), (2R,3R)-dihydroquercetin (9), (2S,3S)-epicatechin (10), (2R,3S)-catechin (11), isovitexin (12), naringenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (13), chamaejasmin (14), neochamaejasmin B (15), isoneochamaejasmin A (16), and tomentin-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (17) were isolated and identified. Compounds 2, 4 and 8 significantly inhibited the release of NO in BV-2 microglia activated by LPS, with IC50 values of 18.34, 29.33 and 26.30 μmol/L, respectively. Conclusion: Compound 1 is a novel compound, and compounds 2, 3, 8, 14–17 are isolated from Jatropha genus for the first time. In addition, the lignans significantly inhibited NO release and the inhibitory activity was decreased after glycosylation.

16 Three new sesquiterpenes from roots of Curcuma longa

Jie Zhang a , Xiaorui Ma b , Wei Wang a , Caixia Wu a , Ben Ma a , Chong Yu a , Haifeng Wang a

2023, 15(3):470-474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2022.11.007

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Objective: To study the chemical constituents from the roots of Curcuma longa. Methods: The structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on extensive spectral analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR, MS, UV, and CD analysis. Results: Two new sesquiterpene compounds (1S,2R,5R,7S,8R)-2,8-epoxy-5-hydroxybisabola-3,10-dioen-9-one (1), (1R,2R,5R,7S,8R)-2,8-epoxy-5-hydroxybisabola-3,10-dioen-9-one (2), and a new natural product 6-(4-Hydroxymethylphenyl)-2-methyl-hept-2-ene-4-one (3) together with three known compounds ar-turmerone (4), 2-methyl-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl-3-methyl)-2-hepten-4-one (5) and 2-methyl-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hepten-4-one (6) were isolated from C. longa root extract with 95% ethanol. Conclusion: In the study, three new compounds were isolated from C. longa, and their absolute configurations were determined.

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