Volume 12,Issue 3,2020 Table of Contents

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  • 1  Cymbogogoncitratus aqueous leaf extract attenuates neurobehavioral and biochemical changes induced by social defeat stress in mice
    Solomon Umukoroa Benneth Ben-Azua b Abayomi M. Ajayia Adaeze Adebesina c Osagie Emokpaea
    2020, 12(3). DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2020.01.002
    [Abstract](394) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](0)
    Abstract:
    Objective Psychosocial stress has been implicated in the genesis of psychiatric disorders such as memory deficits, depression, anxiety and addiction. Aqueous leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus (CYC) otherwise known as lemongrass tea has antidepressant, anxiolytic and anti-amnesic effects in rodents. This study was designed to evaluate if C. citratus could reverse the neurobehavioral and biochemical derangements induced by social defeat stress (SDS) in the resident/intruder paradigm. Methods Intruder male mice were divided into five groups (n = 7): group 1 received saline (10 mL/kg, p.o.; non-stress control), group 2 also received saline (10 mL/kg, p.o.; SDS control) while groups 3?5 had C. citratus (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) daily for 14 d. The SDS was carried out 30 min after each treatment from day 7 to day 14 by exposing each intruder mouse in groups 25 to a 10 min confrontation in the home cage of an aggressive resident counterpart. The neurobehavioral features (spontaneous motor activity-SMA, anxiety, memory, social avoidance and depression were then evaluated. The concentrations of nitrite, malondialdehyde and glutathione as well as acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain tissues were also determined. Results C. citratus (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) attenuated hypolocomotion, heightened anxiety, depressive-like symptom, memory deficit and social avoidance induced by SDS. The altered levels of oxidative stress and acetyl-cholinesterase in SDS-mice were positively modulated by C. citratus. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that C. citratus might mitigate psychosocial stress-induced neurologic diseases in susceptible individuals.
    2  Sterols possess immunomodulatory property: Activity guided isolation and in vitro screening of phytoconstituents of Pongamia glabra and Ficus glomerata
    Sanjeev Heroor a Arunkumar Beknal a Nitin Mahurkar b Suresh Hiremath a Shivkumar Inamdar b
    2020, 12(3). DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2019.12.007
    [Abstract](543) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](0)
    Abstract:
    Objective: To isolate the phytoconstituents from the methanolic extracts of the stem bark of Pongamia glabra and Ficus glomerata., characterize spectroscopically and screen for in vitro immunomodulatory activity on human neurophils. Methods: A flavonoid (PGF) and an alkaloidal compound (PGA) from the extract of P. glabra and a steroidal compound (FGS) and tannin fraction (FGT) from the extract of F. glomerata were isolated using column chromatography technique and were subjected for the spectroscopic (FT-IR, 1HNMR and LC-MS) and TLC studies to identify the compounds. The isolated compounds were screened for in vitro immunomodulatory activity on human neutrophils using nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye test, phagocytosis of Candida albicans and neutrophil locomotion and chemotaxis assay at the concentration range of 100, 50, 25, 12.50 and 5.00 μg/mL. Results: From the spectroscopic and TLC studies data, the isolated compounds were identified as glabrin (PGA), karanjin (PGF), β-sitosterol (FGS), and tannin fraction (FGT). The isolated compounds PGA, PGF, FGS, and FGT exhibited significant (P < 0.05) in vitro immunomodulatory activity in all the parameters studied. Conclusion: The steroidal compound, i.e. FGS was found to be more immunopotent than all constituents alkaloid, flavonoid and tannins. Hence, these constituents could be attributed to the immunomodulatory property of the plants. Objective: To isolate the phytoconstituents from the methanolic extracts of the stem bark of Pongamia glabra and Ficus glomerata., characterize spectroscopically and screen for in vitro immunomodulatory activity on human neurophils. Methods: A flavonoid (PGF) and an alkaloidal compound (PGA) from the extract of P. glabra and a steroidal compound (FGS) and tannin fraction (FGT) from the extract of F. glomerata were isolated using column chromatography technique and were subjected for the spectroscopic (FT-IR, 1HNMR and LC-MS) and TLC studies to identify the compounds. The isolated compounds were screened for in vitro immunomodulatory activity on human neutrophils using nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye test, phagocytosis of Candida albicans and neutrophil locomotion and chemotaxis assay at the concentration range of 100, 50, 25, 12.50 and 5.00 μg/mL. Results: From the spectroscopic and TLC studies data, the isolated compounds were identified as glabrin (PGA), karanjin (PGF), β-sitosterol (FGS), and tannin fraction (FGT). The isolated compounds PGA, PGF, FGS, and FGT exhibited significant (P < 0.05) in vitro immunomodulatory activity in all the parameters studied. Conclusion: The steroidal compound, i.e. FGS was found to be more immunopotent than all constituents alkaloid, flavonoid and tannins. Hence, these constituents could be attributed to the immunomodulatory property of the plants. Objective: To isolate the phytoconstituents from the methanolic extracts of the stem bark of Pongamia glabra and Ficus glomerata., characterize spectroscopically and screen for in vitro immunomodulatory activity on human neurophils. Methods: A flavonoid (PGF) and an alkaloidal compound (PGA) from the extract of P. glabra and a steroidal compound (FGS) and tannin fraction (FGT) from the extract of F. glomerata were isolated using column chromatography technique and were subjected for the spectroscopic (FT-IR, 1HNMR and LC-MS) and TLC studies to identify the compounds. The isolated compounds were screened for in vitro immunomodulatory activity on human neutrophils using nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye test, phagocytosis of Candida albicans and neutrophil locomotion and chemotaxis assay at the concentration range of 100, 50, 25, 12.50 and 5.00 μg/mL. Results: From the spectroscopic and TLC studies data, the isolated compounds were identified as glabrin (PGA), karanjin (PGF), β-sitosterol (FGS), and tannin fraction (FGT). The isolated compounds PGA, PGF, FGS, and FGT exhibited significant (P < 0.05) in vitro immunomodulatory activity in all the parameters studied. Conclusion: The steroidal compound, i.e. FGS was found to be more immunopotent than all constituents alkaloid, flavonoid and tannins. Hence, these constituents could be attributed to the immunomodulatory property of the plants.
    3  Substance basis of warm nature of Poria cocos
    Lin-lin Liu Ya-nan Wang Cheng Tan Xue-ying Han De-qiang Dou
    2020, 12(3). DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2020.04.002
    [Abstract](420) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](0)
    Abstract:
    Objective The research indicated that the nature of Chinese medicine is mainly related to body’s substance and energy metabolism. The purpose of the study is to elucidate the substance basis for warm nature of Poria cocos (called Fuling (FL) in Chinese). Methods In terms of the effects of its separated fractions on the substance and energy metabolism in rat models of cold-deficiency with Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata (called Fuzi (FZ) in Chinese), with hot nature, as reference drug. Biochemical indexes in the material metabolism, energy metabolism, endocrine system, nervous system and nucleotide system were determined, then analyzed by additive, cluster and principal component analysis (PCA). Results The medicinal natures of oligosaccharides and amino acids fractions were attributable to plain and crude polysaccharides, volatile oils and triterpenoids fractions were attributable to mild warm. Conclusion The nature of FL was regarded as mild warm based on the old records of Chinese medicine and fractions of crude polysaccharides, volatile oils and triterpenoids might be the main substance basis for the warm nature of FL. It is the first time that substance basis of FL was elucidated from view point of medicinal nature.
    4  Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of alcoholic/hydroalcoholic extract of Trifolium pratense
    Mohsen Akbaribazm Mohammad Rasoul Khazaei Mozafar Khazaei
    2020, 12(3). DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2020.02.002
    [Abstract](397) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](0)
    Abstract:
    Objective: Trifolium pratense has many healing properties, including fewer complications of menopause, cancer cell suppression, reducing blood glucose and lipids, as well as cardiovascular beneficial effects. The purpose of this study was to identify the phytochemical and mineral composition of T. pratense. Methods: Plant aerial parts were harvested and dried, and then hydroalcoholic and alcoholic extracts were prepared. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analytical method was used to identify volatile compounds then liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) was used to identify polyphenols and the mineral elements were identify by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer/ICP-AES and scanning electron microscope-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) methods. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined based on colorimetric method, and total flavonoid content (TFC) was established based on the folin-chiocalteau reagent. Furthermore, two assays (DPPH and FRAP) were used to measure the antioxidant capacity of T. pratense ethanolic extract. Results: A total of 37 polyphenol and 107 peaks were identified by LC-ESI-MS analysis, and the GC/MS method also detected 21 volatile compounds, the most important of which were methylcyclopentane, dimethylpentanal and hexadecanol. A total of 18 mineral elements, including K, Mg, Al, Si, Zn, Ni, Cu, Se, Co, Fe, Mn, and Ca in the plant, were identified ICP-AES and SEM-EDS analysis. Conclusion: T. pratense has many therapeutic compounds such as polyphenol (isoflavone and flavonoids), volatile compounds, and essential mineral elements, which can be formulated purely and used in the pharmaceutical and traditional medicine industries.
    5  Antioxidation and active constituents analysis of flower residue of Rosa damascen
    Wen‐ya Liu a Lin‐yu Chen a Ying‐ying Huang a Ling Fu a b Le‐yuan Song a Yun‐yu Wang a Zhe Bai a Fang‐feng Meng a Yue‐feng Bi a b
    2020, 12(3).
    [Abstract](346) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](0)
    Abstract:
    Objective: To make full usage of resource and turn waste into treasure, the chemical constituents and bioactivity were firstly investigated on Damask rose (Rosa damascena) flower residue (DRFR). Methods: DPPH and ABTS experiments were applied to assess the antioxidant activity of DRFR. Then, column chromatography was used to purify compounds from an antioxidation extract (DRFR-A), and the chemical structure was identified using NMR. The total phenolic acid content was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method, and the content of gallic acid of the indicator ingredient was detected by HPLC. Results: DRFR-A was found to show a high activity both on DPPH (IC50: 2.760 μg/mL) and ABTS (IC50: 2.258 μg/mL) compared to positive control VC. Ten compounds were isolated and identified as quercetin (1), kaempferol (2), gallic acid (3), protocatechuic acid (4), pyrogallic acid (5), 2-phenylethyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (6), methyl gallate (7), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (8), p-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol (9) and astragalin (10) from DRFR-A. Among them, pyrogallic acid, 2-phenylethyl-3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoate, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol are obtained from the plant for the first time. The content of total phenolic acids and gallic acid, main ingredient in DRFR-A was determined as 63.73% and 24.67%, respectively. Conclusion: This study provides a reliable data and lays the foundation for the development and utilization of rose residue, and hence for the full utilization of rose resources.
    6  New phenolic constituents obtained from Polygonum multiflorum
    Jian-bo Yanga Hua Sunb Jie Mab Yun-fei Songa Yue Liua Qi Wanga Shuang-cheng Mab Xian-long Chenga Feng Weia
    2020, 12(3). DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2020.02.001
    [Abstract](527) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](0)
    Abstract:
    Objective: To isolate the phenolic compounds obtained from the dried roots of Polygonum multiflorum and investigate their pharmacological activities. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by combining them with a macroporous resin (DM-8), MCI gel, and Sephadex LH-20 and by performing ODS column chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR analyses, as well as mass spectrometry. The isolated compounds were evaluated to determine their hepatoprotective and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities in vitro. Results: Two phenolic compounds, namely, polygonimitin E (1) and polygonimitin F (2), were isolated from the dried roots of P. multiflorum. Compound 2 (10 μmol/L) only showed moderate hepatoprotective activity against N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP)-induced HepG2 cell damage. Unfortunately, these two compounds exhibited no α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Conclusion: Compounds 1 and 2 were new compounds. Compound 2 could be one of the potential hepatoprotective constituents of P. multiflorum.

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