Volume 11,Issue 1,2019 Table of Contents

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  • 1  After a decade of persistent endeavor, Chinese Herbal Medicine is on the rise
    De-An Guo Chang-xiao Liu
    2019, 11(1):1-2. DOI: 10.7501/j.issn.1674-6384.2019.01.CHM001
    [Abstract](378) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](4)
    Abstract:
    Founded in 2009, Chinese Herbal Medicines (CHM) has experienced an initial stagnant period and recent soaring growth as reflected in an array of publication statistics. The citation reports from 2015 to 2018 performed by Elsevier indicated that CHM possessed the sum of 213 citations for the 210 papers published in this duration with the average citations per item of 1.01, which doubled the number of 0.5 in 2017 within merely one year. Another important indicator for a journal impact is the sum of downloads for the recent published articles. As for CHM, the number of top ten most downloaded articles ranged from 409 to 1126 in 2018, while the highest lifetime downloads reached 2328 for one of the review articles entitled “Production of Active Compounds in Medicinal Plants: From Plant Tissue Culture to Biosynthesis”. This rapid development and growth in the quality of articles published and journal impact should vastly attribute to the joint efforts of authors, entire editorial staff and board members, which is greatly acknowledged and appreciated by the editors and host organizations. This quarterly peer-reviewed journal is co-hosted by Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, which dedicated their great efforts and financial resources to have promoted the journal for a decade to the current stage. When CHM arrives at today’s status, we can’t fail to mention the two celebrated editors in chief, the founding editor professor Pei-gen Xiao and his successor Professor Chang-xiao Liu, both being members of Chinese Academy of Engineering, who have devoted their painstaking efforts and passion to foster the journal. From its founding, CHM was established to aim at providing an international communication platform for the up-to-date research achievements in the field of Chinese herbal medicines, traditional medicines, and natural products including research in bioactive principles, pharmacological actions, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic efficacy of single herbs and/or their compound formulas. Article types published by CHM include research articles, reviews, short communications, etc. After arduous attempt, CHM is now indexed in an array of journal data bases such as China Academic Journals Integrated Online Database, Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), Index Copernicus (IC), Ulrich's Periodicals Directory (UPD), Global Health and ESCI, EMBASE, CAB Abstracts, ProQuestetc, CNKI, etc. Contrast to the achievements, CHM is still having a lot to improve. The proportion of contributed papers from international authors is still at the low level as evidenced that in 2016, only nine papers out of 104 were submitted by non-Chinese authors, while this number reduced to eight out of 126 in 2017 and enhanced to 30 out of 152 in 2018, which showed the trend for improvement. In addition, the number of papers published each year in four issues remained to be about 60, which clearly showed that authors are unseal us to submit their quality manuscripts either due to unawareness to the journal or to nonexistent impact factor in the Web of Science. There is still a high ratio of published papers receiving no attention from readers without any citations either due to low research quality or out of date topics. Apparently, these aforementioned deficient aspects with the journal are the targeted focus for improvement by the team in the future. Looking forward to the next ten years of CHM, we have the full confidence in CHM reaching to the new height after a steady development period. Quality of the submitted papers is essential and pivotal to the journal. Hence, soliciting and/or attracting high quality manuscripts from the established scientists worldwide in herbal field will be the top priority. Enhancing the exposure of the journal in the global herbal community is equally paramount, as well. The imbalance between papers contributed from domestic and ones from should be adjusted by alluring more international contributors. Special issues on the recent hot topics as systems biology, chemical biology, synthetic biology, network pharmacology, high-content screening of herbal medicines and natural products should be organized by inviting prominent guest editors to reflect the most recent research progress in the field. It is anticipated that the CHM will be rising to a new level that all editorial board members desire with their continuous improvement on the quality of the journal. 2019 marks the beginning of CHM's second decade. Although the specific answers about how to improve journal quality take time and thought to uncover, the best way to approach the second decade and all of the changes it will bring can be summed up in one word—“Confidence”. As Robert Stuberg say in “Increasing Confidence”: “With confidence, all things are within the realm of possibility. Without confidence, even the smallest challenges seem insurmountable. While the problems or challenges seem too big to be overcome, the person with confidence always finds a way to win regardless of the circumstances”. Confidence is the guarantee of success. Cooperation is the strength of success. We believe that in the first year of the second decade, with the cooperation of the publishers, editors, authors and reviewers, CHM will certainly move to a new level. In the 2019 New Year, CHM's publishers sincerely thank the experts of editorial board and thank authors, reviewers and readers for yours loving and supporting to CHM over the past decade.
    2  Traditional Chinese medicines treating macrophage: A particular strategy for atherosclerosis
    Shan?Lu Yun Luo Gui-bo Sun Xiao-bo Sun
    2019, 11(1):3-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.12.003
    [Abstract](827) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](12)
    Abstract:
    Atherosclerosis is a major cause of cardiovascular disease and one of the most deadly diseases in the world. Macrophages are the main contributors in the development of atherosclerosis, a target that drugs inhibit the inflammation and regulate lipid metabolism. In this review, we summarized the effects and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicines and their bioactive compounds on atherosclerosis.
    3  Therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese herbal prescriptions for primary dysmenorrhea
    Dorjbat Sosorburama Zeng-guang Wua Si-chao Zhanga Peng Hua Hai-yan Zhanga Tong Jianga Joshua Ahiasi-Mensaha Xin Hea b
    2019, 11(1):10-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.11.001
    [Abstract](875) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](13)
    Abstract:
    Primary dysmenorrhea is a common disease among females in their reproductive age and adolescents. The main complaint is lower abdominal pain during menstruation. Females, who suffer from dysmenorrhea, widely use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that reduce muscle spasm by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis and vasopressin secretion. However, there are side effects when patients take them for a long time. It is therefore against this backdrop that herbal medicines are suggested as an alternative source of treatment for primary dysmenorrhea. In this paper, a review of studies demonstrating the relieving of uterine contraction and reduction in prostaglandin synthesis by alternative sources such as traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) is spelt out. TCM conceptualizes that, menstrual pain resulting from qi is due to stagnated and retained blood. Blood deficiency and coldness in the whole human body are two additional causes of dysmenorrhea. Therefore, based on these, the main focus of treatment is directed at relieving the above symptoms. Chinese herbal prescriptions exert their effects through these mechanisms: prostaglandin reduction, inhibition of cyclooxygenase, intracellular Ca2+, and nitric oxide, declining malondialdehyde, and reverse increasing superoxide dismutase. Hence, Chinese herbal prescriptions, present perhaps a more beneficial efficacious alternative in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea, more especially in the confines of complementary and alternative medicine.
    4  Simultaneous determination of 15 flavonoids from different parts of Scutellaria baicalensis and its chemometrics analysis
    Jie Shen Pei Li Chun-nian He Hai-tao Liu Yan-ze Liu Xiao-bo Sun Rong Xu Peigen Xiao
    2019, 11(1):20-27. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.09.005
    [Abstract](877) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](11)
    Abstract:
    Objective The aerial parts of Scutellaria baicalensis were used as Huangqin Tea for thousands of years and mainly contain flavonoids which contribute to its bioactivities. However, there is no appropriate quality evaluation method of Huangqin Tea, and three flavanones of isocarthamidin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide, carthamidin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide, and isoscutellarein-8-O-β-D-glucuronide with high contents in the aerial parts have never been defined quantitatively. Here, an HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous determination of 15 flavonoids and systematically compared their contents and distribution in the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of S. baicalensis was established. Methods Under the HPLC-DAD chromatographic conditions, 77 batches of samples of S. baicalensis were analyzed. Meanwhile, the chromatographic fingerprint of different parts of S. baicalensis was established. Subsequently, principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and clustering heat map were performed based on the contents of 15 flavonoids in different parts of S. baicalensis. Results The results showed significant differences in the contents and distributions of 15 flavonoids among the different parts of S. baicalensis. The chemical composition of stems showed some similarities to leaves, and their contents were all lower than leaves. The contents of isocarthamidin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide [(106.66 ± 22.68) mg/g], carthamidin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide [(19.82 ± 11.17) mg/g], and isoscutellarein-8-O-β-D-glucuronide [(3.10 ± 1.73) mg/g] were the highest in leaves. The content of apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and chrysin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide were the highest in flowers. The contents of baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside, wogonin, alpinetin, and oroxylin A were higher in roots than in other parts. Conclusion The method was fully validated and could be effectively used to characterize the contents and distributions of main flavonoids in the different parts of S. baicalensis. It may lay a foundation to establish the quality evaluation system for Huangqin Tea.
    5  Pharmacokinetic and NMR metabolomics approach to evaluate therapeutic effect of berberine and Coptidis Rhizoma for sepsis
    Pei Li Shan-ting Liao Jun-Song Wang Qian Zhang Yan Lv Ming-Hua Yang Ling-Yi Kong
    2019, 11(1):28-38. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.05.005
    [Abstract](432) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](6)
    Abstract:
    Objective: Sepsis, a systemic response to infection, often leads to end-organ dysfunction. Despite its high rates of mortality and morbidity, its pathophysiology is still poorly understood. Coptidis Rhizoma and its main active alkaloid compound, berberine, have been as anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs used in clinic. The objective of this study was to gain more insights towards understanding the sepsis associated with drug absorption and disposition and treatments of berberine and Coptidis Rhizoma dynamically. Methods: Pharmacokinetic and metabolomic studies of Coptidis Rhizoma and its main active component berberine have been performed. Results: Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) induced sepsis showed marked changes of metabolites concerning energy metabolism and amino acids metabolisms, which could be reversed towards the normal state by Coptidis Rhizoma and berberine. Conclusion: Berberine exhibited an equivalent and even better therapeutic effect than Coptidis Rhizoma.
    6  Positive effects of low dose IMPX977 on Rett syndrome related MeCP2 targeted-genes
    Ying Zhao Liang Le Yue-qiang Song Li-xin Qi Hui Fu Xue Bai Si-guang Li Xin-sheng Nan Ke-ping Hu
    2019, 11(1):39-44. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.10.003
    [Abstract](787) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](16)
    Abstract:
    Objective To investigate the effect of IMPX977 on MeCP2 targeted-genes and the feasibility of IMPX977 acting as a therapeutic candidate drug for Rett syndrome by genomewide transcription profiling. Methods Rats’ cortex of control group, IMPX977-treated low-dose group (10 mg/kg), and IMPX977-treated high-dose group (30 mg/kg) were collected and RNA was extracted from the tissues. Then, RNA was subjected to RNA-sequencing. Gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) were used in functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes. Results Six MeCP2 targeted-genes were identified in the low/control categories, but not in the high/control categories. Conclusion Low-dose treatment of IMPX977 (10 mg/kg) showed a positive effect on MeCP2 targeted-genes and it may serve as a drug candidate for Rett syndrome therapy with proper dosage.
    7  Neuroprotective effect of Sanqi Tongshuan Tablets on sequelae post-stroke in rats
    Wei-ting Wanga Chun-hua Haoa Shao-xiang Zhangb Xiang-hua Zhangc Feng Guoc Shuang-yong Suna Rui Zhanga Zhuan-you Zhaoa
    2019, 11(1):45-51. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.12.002
    [Abstract](447) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](11)
    Abstract:
    Objective To identify the therapeutic effect and possible mechanisms of Chinese medicine Sanqi Tongshuan Tablets (SQTS) on sequelae post-stroke in rats. Methods The rat cerebral ischemia sequelae post-stroke models were successfully induced by blocking the middle cerebral artery with electric coagulator after the seventh week and balance beam test ≤4. The rats were then received with SQTS (0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg) and Naodesheng (NDS, 1.24 g/kg), Vinpocetine (VP, 1.55 mg/kg) for 30 d. The beam-walking test and shuttle test were performed before and after 10, 20, and 30 d of administration. In addition, histopathology changes and GAP-43, GFAP were measured by H&E staining and immunohistochemisty. Results The model displayed signs of brain damage on motor function, learning and memory function and histopathology. After 30 d of treatment, SQTS at different dose (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg) restored the beam-walking scores by 21.7% (P > 0.05), 30.4% (P > 0.05), and 39.1% (P < 0.05); Decreased electric shock by 35.0% (P > 0.05), 50.0% (P > 0.05), and 75.0% (P < 0.05), respectively. On the other hand, the histological changes were less severe and the GAP-43 expression increased in hippocampal CA1 and cortical region. Conclusion SQTS showed therapeutic benefits on sequelae post-stroke in rats, which might be through the pathway of regeneration or neuroplasticity.
    8  QR code labeling system for Xueteng-related herbs based on DNA barcode
    Hong Zhou Shuang-jiao Ma Jing-yuan Song Yu-lin Lin Zheng-jun Wu Zheng-zhou Han Hui Yao
    2019, 11(1):52-59. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.09.006
    [Abstract](478) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](10)
    Abstract:
    Objective Xueteng-related herbs include Jixueteng, Daxueteng, Dianjixueteng, and other medicinal plant stems that release reddish-brown juices when cut. However, similarity in phonetic spelling and sound leads to their misuse in clinic or commercial circulation. Accurate labeling is imperative as well as effective species identification. Methods In this study, the ITS2 sequences of 76 samples of Xueteng-related herbs were obtained and analyzed to identify them. And then they were converted into QR codes using the open source PHP QR code. Also, a DNA barcode reference library was established according to these sequences and was used to authenticate the 25 samples of Xueteng-related herbs collected from the market. Results The lengths of the ITS2 sequences of different Xueteng-related herbs ranged from 207 to 235 bp and the GC contents were 57.5%?71.0%. Jixueteng, Daxueteng, and Dianjixueteng were clustered into three clades respectively in the neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree, and the efficiency of the BLAST method was 100%. The ITS2 sequences of different Xueteng-related herbs were presented vividly and specifically in QR code. Twenty-two of all 25 commercial samples were consistent with the original labels, whereas three samples marked “Dianjixueteng” were authenticated as “Jixueteng”. Conclusion QR code labeling system based on DNA barcode is an effective labeling system of Xueteng-related herbs for their circulation regulation.
    9  Screening potential α-glucosidase inhibitors from Anemarrhena asphodeloides using response surface methodology coupled with grey relational analysis
    Tian-cheng Ma Yu Sun Li-na Guo Lei Liu Zhen-yan Liu Yu-mei Wang Song-jie Fan
    2019, 11(1):60-69. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.08.010
    [Abstract](873) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](8)
    Abstract:
    Objective: To screen potential α-glucosidase inhibitors from Anemarrhena asphodeloides. Methods: Response surface methodology employing Box-Behnken design was used to optimize conditions for the extraction of α-glucosidase inhibitory active compounds from A. asphodeloides. The powders (20.0 g) of A. asphodeloides. were extracted under the optimized conditions. The extract was applied to a D-101 macroporous resin column. It was eluted with ethanol and water to give six fractions. Compounds from the active fraction were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The structure-activity relationship was discussed based on grey relational analysis. Results: The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: ethanol concentration, 100%; extraction temperature, 51°C; and solvent to solid ratio, 23 mL/g. It indicated that the active compounds were concentrated into 80% ethanol fraction. Twenty five steroid saponins from 80% ethanol fraction were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Peaks 19 and 23 were tentatively identified as new structures. The predicted α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the compounds were 7 > 2 > 1 >22 >23 > 3 > 9 > 21 > 24 > 4 > 13 > 8 > 14 > 16 >17 > 25 > 6 >19. Conclusion: The fraction eluted by 80% ethanol showed the best inhibitory activity. After analyzing the data of UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, 25 steroid saponins were tentatively identified in this fraction.
    10  Synergistic interactions of catalpol and stachyose in STZ-HFD induced diabetic mice: synergism in regulation of blood glucose, lipids, and hepatic and renal function
    Xiao-fang Chen Deng-qun Liao Zhen-xian Qin Xian-en Li
    2019, 11(1):70-77. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.05.006
    [Abstract](762) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](9)
    Abstract:
    Objective Rehmanniae Radix has been traditionally used to treat diabetes. Catalpol (CAT) and stachyose (STA) are two of the main bioactive compounds in Rehmannia Radix and found to have similar therapeutic effects on diabetes and its complications. In this paper, we aimed to investigate whether there were synergistic therapeutic effects of CAT and STA on diabetes. Methods Streptozotocin (STZ) with the feeding of high-sugar-high-fat diet (HFD) was applied to induce diabetic C57BL/6 mice. STZ-HFD induced diabetic mice were then divided into model and six medical-treated groups: metformin (MET), STA, CAT, and three combinations of CAT:STA (1:1, 1:2, 2:1). Blood, liver, and kidney samples were isolated after six-week oral administration for biochemical assays of serum lipids, the indicators of kidney and liver functions and HE staining for liver tissues. Results It turned out that CAT, STA and their three combinations (1:1, 1:2, 2:1) could effectively control body weight, blood glucose, kidney weight and liver weight index and well regulate levels of TC, HDL-c, TG, ALT, and TBA. In addition, CAT and its combination with STA at the ratio of 2:1 could significantly improve albumin content, compared to that in model group. STA and CAT and their combinations showed the improvements on kidney function in terms of urinary creatinine (Ucr). However, there were no such consistent observations on serum creatinine (Scr) and creatinine clearance rate (Ccr). The combination of CAT and STA at the ratio of 1:1 exhibited the better adjusting effects on kidney weight and liver weight indexes and the levels of ALT, Ucr, Scr, and Ccr. Our results demonstrated that the combinations of CAT and STA especially 1:1 showed similar or better improvements on diabetes-associated complications, compared to the sole CAT or STA treatment. Conclusion Thus, we concluded that there were synergistic therapeutic effects between CAT and STA on STZ/HFD-induced type 2 diabetes. This project provided insights and technical supports for the innovation of discovering bioactive constituents in Rehmannia Radix and studying its integrative mechanism in curing diabetes.
    11  Effect of bioadhesive excipients on absorption of total flavonids from Puerariae Lobatae Radix transporting across Caco-2 cell monolayer
    Ying Li Yi-qun Song Chun-yan Zhu
    2019, 11(1):78-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.10.001
    [Abstract](296) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](5)
    Abstract:
    Objective: Pueraria total flavonids (PTF) can treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, but it has poor membrane permeability and oral bioavailability. Some excipients, such as carbomer, chitosan, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, can improve the oral bioavailability. Traditional in vitro evaluation techniques, including the rat intestinal perfusion and cell line models, cannot evaluate PTF absorption and holistic transporters. Methods: This study evaluated excipients’ adhesiveness and effect on PTF transport across Caco-2 cell monolayer. cDNA microarrays identified gene expression changes in Caco-2 cells exposed to PTF and PTF with excipients, and revealed the mechanism underlying the effect of excipients on PTF absorption. Results: In vitro adhesion and transport experiments across Caco-2 showed that excipients had higher adhesiveness to gastric mucosa and transport efficiency across Caco-2 cells than PTF alone. The interaction of PTF with excipients significantly changed the expression of some genes, which might influence the absorption rate of PTF. Conclusion: Different bioadhesive polymers can improve intestinal absorption of PTF, which was related to some genes affiliated to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier transporter (SLC) to some extent.
    12  Neuroprotective effect of Paeoniae Radix Rubra on hippocampal CA1
    Bing-chun Yana b c Xiao-lu Zhua d Cheng Tanga Guo-wei Qiua Yao Wua Jie Wanga Ping Boa
    2019, 11(1):86-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.10.005
    [Abstract](887) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](9)
    Abstract:
    Objective: Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of Paeoniae Radix Rubra (PRR) on ischemic stroke of mice. Methods: The focal ischemic stroke model was produced via middle cerebral artery occlusion. The experimental mice were divided into four groups: vehicle-sham group, PRR-sham group, vehicle-ischemia group, and PRR-treated ischemia group. The cerebral infarction volume was detected with TTC staining. The number of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 of the ischemic side, and the activation of astrocytes and microglia were observed via immunohistochemical staining. Western blotting was used to determine the expression changes of SOD1, SOD2, and Catalase protein levels in the hippocampus. Results: PRR significantly reduced the cerebral infarct volume induced by ischemic injury and inhibited the astrocytes and microglia activation in the hippocampal CA1 region. The decreased levels of SOD1, SOD2, and Catalase that was induced by ischemic reperfusion were simultaneously improved after PRR treatment. Conclusion: PRR improved neuronal injuries that were induced by transient cerebral ischemia via inhibiting gliosis and elevating antioxidants.
    13  Monitoring unbound warfarin in drug combination therapy by pharmacokinetics and fluorospectrometry
    Jia-ding Guo Ying-yue Zhang Yan Huo Yan-xu Chang Er-wei Liu Jia Hao
    2019, 11(1):92-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.10.002
    [Abstract](779) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](10)
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    Objective Monitoring the unbound drug concentration in blood in combination therapy is necessary, because its concentration determines the efficacy of drug therapy. This study was designed to explore the effect of Dan Hong Injection (DHI) on the unbound warfarin using two approaches including an in vivo pharmacokinetic and in vitro fluorescence studies. Methods The effect of DHI on the pharmacokinetic properties of the unbound warfarin was investigated by a microdialysis sampling method coupled with LC-MS/MS. The effect of DHI and salvianolic acid B (SaB) on warfarin binding with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was conducted by fluorescence spectrometry. Results The AUC0-tn of warfarin with DHI group was higher than that of warfarin alone group. The result showed that DHI could increase the concentration of unbound warfarin in rat blood, which may be due to the competition between warfarin and DHI as well as some its components binding to serum albumin. The competition process was demonstrated by fluorescence study. Conclusion Combination therapy of DHI with warfarin could enhance the release profile of warfarin from serum protein.
    14  Typha angustifolia extract reduces diet-induced hyperlipidemia in rats
    Zheng Gong An-rong Jiang Xiao-gang Peng Man Yuan
    2019, 11(1):98-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.12.001
    [Abstract](721) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](9)
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    Objective To observe the lipid-lowering effect of Typha angustifolia extract (TAE) in Sprague Dawley rats. Methods The rats were randomly divided into six groups, including the hypercholesterolemic diet (HYD) group. Ad libitum food was given to the animals for 60 d to establish dyslipidemia models. The rats were received an ig administration of 1 mL medicine daily. After 120 d the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation; Blood was collected to measure total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), nitric oxide (NO), and endothelin (ET) plasma concentration; Livers were collected to measure ApoE mRNA and protein expression; And morphologic changes of aorta ventralis tissue were observed. Results Compared with HYD group, TAE had the ability of reducing TC, TG, LDL-C, NO, and ET (P < 0.01), thereby increasing ApoE mRNA and protein expression of the liver (P < 0.01). Conclusion These results suggest that TAE is capable of effectively decreasing the circulating lipids levels and enhancing the protective effects of artery.
    15  Scutellarin protect human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells by hypoxia-reoxygenation injury involved JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway
    Chen Chen Zhi-ying Weng You-lan Wang Chang-bo Zheng Yang Li JianYang Ze-lan Dai Wei-min Yang
    2019, 11(1):103-107. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.09.004
    [Abstract](513) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](8)
    Abstract:
    Objective To investigate the antagonistic cell injury effect and molecular mechanism of scutellarin (SCU) in hypoxia reoxygenation (HR) treated human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (HCMECs). Methods The method of 12 h hypoxia following by 12 h reoxygenation was used to culture HCMECs in vitro to built cell injury model. The groups were divided into control group, model (HR) group, and HR + SCU (0.1 μmol/L, 1 μmol/L, and 10 μmol/L) group. The cell viability was determined by MTT, and oxidative stress was detected by malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by biochemical assay kit. Protein expression of JAK2/p-JAK2 and STAT3/p-STAT3 were evaluated by Western blot. Results The results of MTT and MDA showed that HR decreased the cell viability (P < 0.05) and increased MDA level significantly (P < 0.05), SCU played a contrary role in these processes. Western blot analysis indicates that, the expression of JAK2 and p-JAK2, STAT3, and p-STAT3 were increased in model group when compared with control group (P < 0.05); compared with model group, their expression were reduced by SCU (P < 0.05). Conclusion SCU took a protective effect on HR-treated HCMECs, and the molecular mechanism may be associated with the inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 signal transduction pathway.
    16  Anti-inflammatory activities of gentiopicroside against iNOS and COX-2 targets
    Qi-Li Zhang Jian Zhang Peng-Fei Xia Xue-Jing Peng Hai-Long Li Hua Jin Jie Yang Lei Zhao
    2019, 11(1):108-112. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.10.004
    [Abstract](748) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](13)
    Abstract:
    Objective To isolate high-purity gentiopicroside from the Chinese herbal Gentiana officinalis and investigate its anti-inflammatory activity against iNOS and COX-2 targets. Methods The purity and structures of gentiopicroside was determined by HPLC, IR, NMR, and MS. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of gentiopicroside by in vivo, in vitro and molecular experiments. Results In vitro experiment results showed that gentiopicroside inhibited nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in mouse macrophages RAW 264.7 stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. In vivo experiment found xylene-induced mouse ear swelling was inhibited by gentiopicroside with an inhibition rate of 34.17%. Molecular docking of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) with gentiopicroside showed that hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) were formed between the sugar fragments in gentiopicroside structure with Tyr355, Ser353, Leu352, Ser530, Arg120, and His90 of COX-2, and Glu377, Asp382, Tyr373, Tyr347, Gln263, Asn370, and Gly371 of iNOS. Thus, gentiopicroside had a lower docking score and displayed satisfactory anti-inflammatory activities. Conclusion These results suggested that the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of gentiopicroside was associated with the downregulation of inflammatory cytokines, such as NO, PGE2, and IL-6, and the suppression of iNOS and COX-2. Therefore, gentiopicroside is a potential and selective iNOS and COX-2 inhibitor.
    17  A new coumarin glucoside ester from seeds oil leavings of Xanthoceras sorbifolia
    Hong-jin Zhu a Li-li Yu a Jia-chuan Liu a Mei-yu Wang a Tong Zhang a Feng Qiu b
    2019, 11(1):113-115.
    [Abstract](678) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](7)
    Abstract:
    Objective: To study the coumarin from the seeds oil leavings of Xanthoceras Sorbifolia. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by combination of silica gel, macroporous resin, Sephadex LH-20, and ODS column chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by spectral and chemical methods. The cytotoxicity of the new compound against ten selected human cancer cell lines was assayed. Results: Five comarins were isolated and identified as fraxetin-7-O-β-D-[6'-(3''-hydroxyl-3''- methylglutaryl)] glucopyranoside (1), fraxoside (2), fraxetin (3), scopoline (4), and esculetin (5), respectively. Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new compound. Unfortunately, this compound exhibited no cytotoxicity with tested cell lines.

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