Volume 10,Issue 1,2018 Table of Contents

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  • 1  Worth to Know and Explore Medicinal Value of Genus Engelhardia
    Chang-xiao Liu
    2018, 10(1):1-1. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.01.004
    [Abstract](933) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](10)
    Abstract:
    Engelhardia is a genus of seven species of trees in the family Juglandaceae, native to southeast Asia. In China, the genus is mainly distributed in Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan and other places. The genus name is commonly misspelled “Engelhardtia”, a “correction” made by the original author Carl Ludwig Blume in 1829 was used until today, as it was thus entered in the Index Kewensis; the original spelling is Engelhardia. According to the literature, the Genus of: Engelhardia include 26 Species: Engelhardtia aceriflora, E. apoensis, E. aurifolia, E. danumensis, E. hainanensis, E. kinabaluensis, E. lepidota, E. mendalomensis, E. mersingensis, E. mollis, E. nicaraguensis, E. nudiflora, E. boreomunnea, E. palembanica, E. parvifolia, E. permicrophylla, E. philippinensis, E. polystachya, E. pterococca, E. rigida, E. selanica, E. serrata, E. spicata, E. subsimplicifolia, E. villosa, and E. zambalensis. Ethnopharmacologically, The herb has detoxification effects on spleen and stomach stagnation, chest and abdomen bloating, cold fever, diarrhea, hernia abdominal pain and so on. Its root, bark, leaves and flowers can be used as medicine, the medicinal bark is slightly bitter, pungent and calm. The leaf medicine is slightly bitter and cool. Folk said the leaves of the herbal medicine called sweet tea since ancient times as a heat, detoxification for weight loss health care. Modern pharmacologically, the studies have shown that the herb has main pharmacological activities for hypoglycemic action, hypolipidemic effects, anticoagulant, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-thrombosis, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, enhancing immunity, inhibition of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and so on. From a large number of documents, many researchers found that the chemical constituents, pharmacology and toxicology of Fructus genus were studied. It mainly contains flavonoids, polyphenols and saponins. The review article entitled “Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Genus Engelhardia” (CHM 2018, 10(1):xx-xx) provides a wealth of informatics on chemical constituents and pharmacological researches of genus Engelhardia Leschen. ex Blume. The constituents of this genus were introduced and classified according to their structures. Based on the large amount of constituents, this genus plants exhibited various biological activities such as antioxidant, protective effects on ischemia/reperfusion injury, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppression activities, antidiabetic and antitubercular activities and so on. Authers compared with some common species, current research of genus Engelhardia is not quite enough to elucidate the relationship between chemical constituents, pharmacological data and traditional medical usage. Most studies focused on E. roxburghiana possibly due to its broader distribution and wider usage than other species in the past. Later, parts of the genus plants were further studied, and more pharmacological activities were found. As national medicine and health tea, the usage parts of Engelhardia plants is not extensive, which cause not much attention. With various biological activities, genus Engelhardia might have considerable potential value for the development of new drugs. For example, dihydroflavonoids show immunosuppressive activity due to its lower cytotoxicity. E. roxburghiana is rich in these constituents, which means it will take good therapeutic effects on autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. In this paper, authors suggested that genus Engelhardia has a good development prospects. Researchers look forward that the genus Engelhardia plants not only E. roxburghiana, but also other species can attract more attention. A total of over 100 compounds have been isolated from the genus Engelhardia, in which phenolic derivatives are dominant compounds including flavonoids, triterpenes, diarylheptanoids, aromatic acids, esters, and naphthalenones. From a development perspective, there are many issues in discovery and development that need to be made in how to combine modern pharmacological research with valuable new drugs for discovery. Additionally, biological activity of most natural chemical composition is not strong, and pharmacokinetic characteristic is not prominent (such as low bioavailability), which could be modified for improving the biological activity of the potential.
    2  Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Genus Engelhardia
    Yan-Mei Pang a b Qi Shanb Fu-Jun Zhoub Jie Huab Wen-Bin Houa b c
    2018, 10(1):2-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.01.007
    [Abstract](812) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](3)
    Abstract:
    Engelhardia Leschen. ex Blume (Juglandaceae) is native to southern and southeastern Asia and used to be traditional medicines and health tea. Hitherto, a large amount of chemical constituents had been isolated from genus Engelhardia and more pharmacological effects were found due to the presence of the second metabolites. There have been few comprehensive reports about Engelhardia plants especially the chemical constituents by now. The traditional usage of Engelhardia plants were for treating cold fever, detoxication, rheumatism, diarrhea, obesity, gastrointestinal problem and so on. While the modern pharmacological activities showed antioxidant activity, anti-ischemia/reperfusion injury, anticancer activity, anti-inflammatory activity, immunosuppression activity, antidiabetic activity, antitubercular activity and so on. In this review, constituents of this genus would be introduced and classified by structures, the pharmacological effects of which would be described as well.
    3  Methods for Determination of Absolute Configuration of Monosaccharides
    Nan Zhang a b Wei-xing Huang a b Gui-yang Xia a b Mahmood Brobbey Oppong a b Li-qing Ding a b Pan Li a b Feng Qiu a b
    2018, 10(1):14-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2017.12.009
    [Abstract](760) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](6)
    Abstract:
    Monosaccharides are one of the most important structural components of biomolecules, such as polysaccharides, nucleic acids, glycolipids and glycoproteins. In structural analysis of polysaccharides and glycoconjugates, the absolute configurations (d or l) of the constituent monosaccharides are usually determined by measurement of the optical rotation, CD spectra or characteristic chromatographic retention behavior. However, each method has its unique advantages and limitations which should be considered while using them. In this review, an overview of the different methods for the determination of absolute configuration of monosaccharides and their underlying principles are summarized to serve as a reference for researchers.
    4  Progress on Research of Tissue Culture of Bletilla striata
    Xue-Min Wei a Yang Liu a Xiao-Yue Wang a Zi-Tong Gao a Shu-Ming Yao b Jian-Ping Han a
    2018, 10(1):23-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2017.12.002
    [Abstract](969) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](9)
    Abstract:
    Rhizoma Bletillae is in high demand as a traditional Chinese medicine, which natural resources have been severely damaged due to excessive exploitation. Because Bletilla striata seeds are small and have no en- dosperm, the seed germination rate is low in natural conditions. Traditional division propagation could not meet the demands of large-scale cultivation. But tissue culture can provide many seedlings in a short time and is more effective and convenient than other methods. Most studies on tissue culture of B. striata selected seeds as explants. This review summarized the processes of the aseptic seed germination path- way. It included such stages as seed germination, proliferation of clusters of buds, induction of rooting and transplanting of seedlings. Influential factors as well as optimum combination and concentration of the plant growth regulators of each stage were also summarized. The further research on tissue culture of B. striata was also prospected.
    5  Ergosta-7,22-diene-2β,3α,9α-triol(EGDT) from Ganoderma lucidum inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by blocking EGFR signaling pathway
    Wen-wei Wu Zi-jing Ye Yi-mou Xu Jin Zhang Jin-senTang
    2018, 10(1):34-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2017.12.003
    [Abstract](1083) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](10)
    Abstract:
    Objective To investigate the efficacy and mechanism of EGDT against NPC cell lines. Methods MTT assay was used to assess cell proliferation inhibition of EGDT; The apoptotic induction and cell cycle arrest were detected by flow cytometry; Western blot was adopted to detect the protein levels; Quantitative Real-time PCR was used to determine the mRNA expressions; The NPC xenografts were established to evaluate the tumor growth inhibition of EGDT; Immunohistochemistry was applied to analyze the EGFR expression in the tumor tissues. Results EGDT showed proliferation inhibition on the NPC cell, induced G0/G1 phase arrest and cell apoptosis in vitro. EGDT decreased the protein and mRNA levels of EGFR and its downstream RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKTpathways in time- and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, EGDT also showed a sound antitumor activity in NPC xenograft in vivo. Conclusion The treatment of EGDT displays EGFR and its mediated downstream signaling pathway blockade through decreasing the protein and mRNA levels, suggesting a promising strategy in treating human NPC.
    6  Effect of Light Quality on Total Gypenosides Accumulation and Related Key Enzyme Gene Expression in Gynostemma pentaphyllum
    Ting Wang Xiang-rong Tian Xiao-yu Wu Zhun Luo Gui Li Xiao-lie Peng Shi-biao Liu
    2018, 10(1):34-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2017.12.004
    [Abstract](604) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](4)
    Abstract:
    Objective Light quality has effect on the accumulation of gypenosides in the medicinal plant Gynostemma pentaphyllum in the family Cucurbitaceae, while the squalene synthase (SS) and squalene epoxidase (SE) are the key enzymes for gypenoside biosynthesis. The objective of this study was to elucidate the relationship between light quality and biosynthesis key enzyme involving the regulation of gypenoside accumulation. Methods The content of total gypenosides was measured by colorimetric method and the expression of SS and SE gene was determined by quantitative Real-time PCR in the seedlings of G. pentaphyllum which were grown with different light quality. Results Light quality showed remarkable impacts on the accumulation of total gypenosides. The highest content of total gypenosides was determined in the plant under red light condition, followed by blue light and white light, while the lowest content was recorded under dark condition. qRT-PCR analysis proved that the expression levels of SS and SE genes were also affected by light quality. The high-level gene expressions of SS and SE were found in the plant under red light condition, followed by blue light, with the least content in darkness. The statistical analysis revealed that the total gypenosides were significantly different in different light treatment and the content of total gypenosides was positively related to the expression of SS and SE genes. Conclusions Light quality regulates gypenoside accumulation via altering the expression of SS and SE in G. pentaphyllum.
    7  Protective effect of icaritin on focal cerebral ischemic-reperfusion mice
    Cheng-hong Suna b c Li-hong Pana b c Jian Yanga b c Jing-chun Yaoa b c Bing-bing Lia b c Yu-jun Tana b c Gui-min Zhanga b Ying Suna
    2018, 10(1):40-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2017.12.005
    [Abstract](659) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](7)
    Abstract:
    Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of icaritin (ICT), one of the active ingredients in Epimedii Folium, on mouse model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in vivo. Methods ICR mice were subjected to an 1 h transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Neurological deficits, infarct volume, brain edema and survive rate were measured, respectively. The levels of brain IL-1β, TNF-α, ROS and DNA-binding activity of NF-κB p65 were measured by ELISA kits. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected by spectrophotometry, and the release of nitric oxide (NO) were detected by Griess kit. Results The results showed that ICT markedly reduced the neurological deficit scores, brain edema, infarct volume and increased the survival rate of the cerebral I/R mice. The expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, NO, MDA and DNA-binding activity of NF-κB p65 were significantly inhibited by ICT, while the activity of SOD were up-regulated at the same time. Conclusion These results suggested that ICT possessed significant neuroprotective effects in cerebral I/R mice, which might be related to prevent neuroinflammatory and oxidative damage.
    8  Protection of Salvianolate Lyophilized Injection combined with Xueshuantong Injection (Lyophilized) against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats through suppression of inflammatory response
    Fu-jiang Wanga b Zuo-yan Suna b Rui-lin Liab Li-min Hub Li-juan Chaib Shao-xia Wanga Hong Guob Yue Zhangb
    2018, 10(1):46-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2017.12.006
    [Abstract](1297) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](5)
    Abstract:
    Objective Inflammatory reactions induced by microglia in the brain play an important part in the pathogenesis of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, resulting in neuronal death. Salvianolate Lyophilized Injection (SLI) and Xueshuantong Injection (Lyophilized) (XST), which have been widely used in the treatment of acutely cerebral infarction clinically in China, exhibit various biological activities. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective properties of SLI combined with XST in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion- reperfusion (MCAO/R). Methods In this study, male Wistar rats were subjected to 1.5 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by reperfusion for 24 h. The rats were randomly divided into the following six groups: normal group (NOR), model group (MOD), SLI group (21mg/kg, SLI), XST group (100mg/kg, XST), SLI combined with XST (XST 100 mg/kg: SLI 21 mg/kg, 1X1S), and Edaravone (as a positive control drug, 6 mL/kg, EDI), once a day for 3 d. We observed the neuronal injury, the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA-1), and the changes of pro-inflammatory mediators interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory mediator interleukin-10 (IL-10). Results 1X1S treatment significantly increased the number of neuron, compared with the MOD group, SLI group and XST group. Gliosis (GFAP and IBA-1) and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly reduced. Meanwhile, 1X1S significantly increased the expression of anti-inflammatory mediator IL-10 in the brains of MCAO/R rats, compared with the MOD group, SLI and XST groups. SLI and XST also remarkably down-regulated the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α compared with the MOD group. Conclusions This study shows that SLI combined with XST (1X1S) can protect cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury due to its anti-inflammatory property, and may provide a potential promising new therapeutic strategy for acute ischemic stroke.
    9  Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New Peroxo-bridged Diosgenin Derivatives
    Tian-xin Xie a Fu-hao Chu a Wen-qiang Yana Bing Xu a Jing Chen b Rui Zhao a Yu-zhong Zhang c Peng-long Wang a Hai-min Lei a
    2018, 10(1):54-58. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2017.12.007
    [Abstract](975) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](5)
    Abstract:
    Objective: In order to find lead compound with anti-HBV activity from peroxo-bridged diosgenin deriva- tives obtained with Eosin Y as the photosensitizer. Method: Eosin Y was used as the photosensitizer to activate the oxygen in the air to synthesize novel diosgenin derivatives with peroxo-bridge.The structures of synthesized compounds were identified by NMR and HR-MS. Their cytotoxicity and anti-hepatitis B activity were evaluated via MTS assay and ELISA method, respectively. Results: Six diosgenin derivatives were synthesized, three of which contain peroxo-bridge, and their structures were confirmed by spectroscopy. It showed that 5 α,8 α-peroxo-6-alkenyl-diosgenin( 7 ) could suppress the production of HBsAg on transfected HepG2.2.15 cells at low-toxic concentration and the inhibition rate (%) on HepG2.2.15 cells was 18.28% at 12.50 μg/mL, better than that of 3TC (7.30% at 12.50 μg/mL) and others. Conclusion: Due to its lower cytotoxicity and potential anti-hepatitis B activity, compound 7 could be developed as the promising candidate of anti-hepatitis B drug. It also indicated that the peroxo-bridged derivatives had potential biological values for developing clinical agents.
    10  Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities and Mechanisms of 70% Ethanol Extract of Zygophyllum macropodum in Animals
    Xiao-rong Yanga b Xiang-feng Zhanga Xue-mei Zhanga Hong-yan Gaob c
    2018, 10(1):59-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2017.12.008
    [Abstract](904) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](9)
    Abstract:
    Objective: To screen the preliminary phytochemical components, to investigate the acute oral toxicity, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, and to analyze inflammatory factors on mice or rats of 70% ethanol extract of Z. macropodum aerial parts (ZME). Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out by colour reaction. Acute oral toxicity was investigated by body weight, relative organ weight and other toxic signs. Acetic acid induced writhing and hot plate test were used to determine analgesic effect. Acetic acid induced vascular permeability and carrageenan induced paw edema were used to confirm anti-inflammation. Protein in pleural effusion, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in serum of pleuritic rats induced by carrageenan were analyzed to explore the action mechanisms. The test groups received ZME with 100, 300, 600 mg/kg, the positive control with aspirin (ASP) 200 mg/kg for mice, and ZME with 70, 210, 420 mg/kg and ASP 150 mg/kg for rats orally. The control (C) or negative control (NC) groups received 2% Tween 80 of 10 mL/kg orally. Results: ZME contained flavonoids, saponins, phenols and tannins, steroids, terpenoids, fats and oils, glycosides, carbohydrates, and reducing sugar, but no alkaloids. The lethal dose 50% (LD50) of ZME was greater than 2000 mg/kg and no toxic or deleterious effects and death during 14 days. Oral administration 300 and 600 mg/kg of ZME produced analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects significantly (Pp < 0.05 or Pp < 0.001) vs. NC. It can reduce the writhing number, prolong the heat resisting time, suppress the permeability of the capillary wall increasing, mitigate the paw edema, reduce the content of protein in pleural effusion, and reduce PGE2 and TNF-α in blood. Conclusions: ZME possessed analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities which related to inhibit the production of protein, PGE2 and TNF-α. The LD50 of ZME treated orally to mice was greater than 2000 mg/kg.
    11  Effects of water extracts of Davallia formosana on ovariectomized mice
    Chia-Feng Wua b Cheng-Yu Chenb Ming-Chang Wua Jen-Shinn Lina
    2018, 10(1):66-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.01.001
    [Abstract](517) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](5)
    Abstract:
    Objective: The Taiwanese native fern, Davallia formosana Hayata, is used to treat bone diseases in traditional Chinese medicine, but, very few animal tests to verify. To study how this fern and its active component alter bone metabolism. Methods: It was examined that the effects of low and high doses of D. formosana water extracts (DFW, 50 and 200 mg?kg-1?d-1) and [-] epicatechin-3-O-D-allopyranoside isolates of DFW (ECAP, 0.06 and 2.5 mg?kg-1?d-1) on protein levels of important indicators of osteoclast and osteoblast activities. Ovariectomized mice were used as a model of osteoporosis. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), collagen 1 (COL-1), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN) were analyzed using western blotting of femur tissue. Interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured in the serum, and hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to assess bone morphology. Results: Treatment with DFW or ECAP significantly induced BMP-2, COL-1, ALP, RUNX2, OCN, and OPN protein expression, indicating stimulation of osteogenesis. The treatments also reduced IL-1β and TNF-α expression, indicating inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. In histological examinations, mice treated with DFW or ECAP had more bone trabeculae. The results demonstrate that DFW and ECAP inhibit osteoclast differentiation and promote osteoblast differentiation, and effectively ameliorate ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis. Conclusion: ECAP is a major component of DFW, which may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of diseases associated with excessive osteoclastic and insufficient osteogenic activity. ECAP may not be the specific active molecule because it is unstable in the stomach. However, the major active molecule needs to be confirmed using a relevant pharmacological model.
    12  Metabolite Characterization of Penta-O-galloyl-??¢-D-glucose in Rat Biofluids by HPLC/QT of MS
    Cui-xia Ma Xue Zhao Pei Wang Pu Jia Xin-feng Zhao Chao-ni Xiao Xiao-hui Zheng
    2018, 10(1):73-79. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.01.002
    [Abstract](1034) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](9)
    Abstract:
    Objective To understand the in vivo metabolic fate of 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-?-D-glucose (PGG) naturally existed in many medicinal herbal and food plants such as Rhus chinensis Mill, Paeonia suffruticosa, Paeonia lactiflora and Mango. Methods The metabolites of PGG in rat biofluids were characterized using high performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/QTof-MS). Results Ten metabolites in urine, five metabolites in feces and two metabolites in plasma, were observed when the rats were administrated with a single intravenous injection of PGG (20 mg/kg). Conclusion PGG is firstly metabolized to gallic acid, then gallic acid undergoes sulfation, glucuronidation and methylation by rat liver. The determination of metabolites and the proposed metabolic pathway of PGG in vivo will be benefit to gain deeper insights into its pharmacological activities.
    13  Evaluation and Prediction of Ecological Suitability of Medicinal Plant American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)
    Qin Zhanga Jian Wenb Zi-qian Changc Cai-xiang Xiea Jing-yuan Songa
    2018, 10(1):80-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.01.003
    [Abstract](716) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](18)
    Abstract:
    Objective American ginseng is a medicinal plant with large market demand, however, its producing areas are shrinking because of the continuous cropping obstacles in China. Therefore, it is urgent to establish a suitable model to determine the new producing areas. Here we evaluated and predict the suitable areas of American ginseng using the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt). Methods Based on the 37 environmental variables over thirty years from 1970 to 2000 and 226 global distribution points of American ginseng, MaxEnt was used to determine the global ecological suitable areas for American ginseng. The Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the model prediction accuracy. Meanwhile, an innovative ecological variable, the precipitation–temperature ratio, was established to indicate the climate characteristic in the American ginseng suitable areas based on the monthly precipitation and temperature. Results The potential ecological suitable areas of American ginseng were primarily in Appalachian Mountain in America and Changbai Mountain in China, about in the range of 35°N-50°N, 60°W-120°W and 35°N-50°N,110°E-145°E, respectively, including the United States, Canada, China, North Korea, South Korea, Russia and Japan. South Korea and Japan were the potential producing regions. The precipitation–temperature ratios were stable at (0.22, 0.56) of the vigorous growth period (April to October) in the best suitable areas of American ginseng, serving as characteristic parameters to optimize the prediction model. The model showed that the common soil parameters were pH 4.5-7.2, Base Saturation (BS) above 80%, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) 10-20 cmol/kg, Organic Carbon (OC) < 1.4%, and the soil types were sandy loam or loam. Conclusion An optimized MaxEnt model was established to predict the producing area for American ginseng that needs to be validated by a field test.
    14  Comparative chemical characters of Sparganii Rhizoma from different regions in China
    Meng-ru Sang a Xiao-long Zhang a b Qi-nan Liu a Chan-chan Liu a Yiming Xu a Ling-ling Zhao a Qi-nan Wu a Wei Yue a Chuan Chai a
    2018, 10(1):86-94. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.01.006
    [Abstract](714) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](8)
    Abstract:
    Objective To compare the chemical characters of Sparganii Rhizoma from different areas via chromatographic analysis and to establish a sensitive LC/MS method for quality assessment of Sparganii Rhizoma. Methods Under the optimised HPLC-PDA chromatographic conditions, twenty batches of Sparganii Rhizoma were analyzed by HPLC fingerprints. Principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were performed based on all peak areas of Sparganii Rhizoma fingerprints. Meanwhile, part of common peaks were subsequently quantified by UFLC-QTRAP-MS. Results The similarity values of HPLC fingerprints fluctuated in a wide range of 0.511-0.973, which showed variable differences of chemical characters among Sparganii Rhizoma from twenty habitats. PCA, OPLS-DA and HCA indicated that samples could be divided into five groups with different chemical characters, which generally corresponded with their geographical distributions. A total of 31 peaks in HPLC fingerprints were marked, and eight of them were identified and quantified. The quantitative result was generally in agreement with the classifications based on HPLC fingerprints, which indicated that Sparganii Rhizoma samples from eastern China mostly contained more contents including phenolic acids and flavonoids. Conclusion This study not only proved that there are relationships between geographic distributions and internal chemical compositions of plants, which could provide evidence to the traditional Chinese medicine concept “geo-authentic”, but also supplied a sensitive and rapid simultaneous quantitive method for the quality estimation of Sparganii Rhizoma.
    15  Chemical Constituents from Endophytic Fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina YCTA2Z1 of Cynanchum auriculatum
    Xiao-Jie Gu a Ke Ren b Nan Yao c d Song Yan a Jian-Fei Zhao a Xing-Ying Jiang a Qi Lian a
    2018, 10(1):95-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2017.12.001
    [Abstract](519) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](6)
    Abstract:
    Objective To study the chemical constituents from the EtOAc extract of endophytic fungal Plectosphaerella cucumerina YCTA2Z1. Methods The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by silica gel column, Sephadex LH-20, and reverse-phase C-18 column chromatography as well as crystallization. Results Thirteen compounds were isolated from the EtOAc extract of the fungal strain YCTA2Z1. Their chemical structures were elucidated according to the spectral evidence. They were identified as caudatin ( 1 ), baishouwubenzophenone ( 2 ), cynandione B ( 3 ), asterbatanoside A ( 4 ), p-hydroxyphenethyl- O - β- D - glycoside ( 5 ), caffeic acid ( 6 ), ferulic acid ( 7 ), 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone ( 8 ), protocatechuic acid ( 9 ), vanillic acid ( 10 ), stearic acid ( 11 ), azelaic acid ( 12 ), and succinic acid (13). Conclusions It is the first chemical study on endophytic fungi from Cynanchum auriculatum and all the compounds are obtained from the species, the genus, as well as the family Plectosphaerellaceae for the first time.
    16  Bioactive xanthones from whole plants of Gentianella acuta
    Sheng-cai Yang Jing-ya Ruan Yan-xia Liu Zhi-juan Ding Ya-juan Ni Tao Wang Yi Zhang
    2018, 10(1):99-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.01.005
    [Abstract](1051) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](12)
    Abstract:
    Objective To study the constituents from the whole plants of Gentianella acuta and their biological activity. Methods The compounds were isolated by multiple chromatographic methods and the structures of mentioned isolates were determined by routine NMR experiments and chemical methods. Results A phytochemical investigation to obtain intestine motility inhibitor resulted in the isolation of one new xanthone glycoside, gentixanthonoside A (1), along with nine tetrahydroxanthones, 1,3,5R,8S-tetrahydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxanthone (2), 1,3,5S,8S-tetrahydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxanthone (3), amarellin E (4), amarellin F (5), swertiachoside B (6), amarellin D (7), amarellin C (8), amarellin A (9), and amarellin B (10) from the whole plants of G. acuta. Conclusion Compounds 2–10 showed significant reduce effects on contraction tension at 40 μM.
    17  New coumarin glucopyranosides from roots of Angelica dahurica
    Ai-hong Zhaoa b Xiu-wei Yanga
    2018, 10(1):103-106. DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.01.008
    [Abstract](891) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](7)
    Abstract:
    Objective To investigate the chemical constituents from the roots of Angelica dahurica. Methods The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin and Sephadex LH-20 column as well as semi-preparative reversed phase HPLC. The chemical structures were identified by spectral data. Results Ten compounds were isolated and identified as xanthoarnol-3'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), angedahuricoside A (2), angedahuricoside B (3), isofraxidin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), fraxidin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), (-)-marmesinin (6), (2'S,3'R)-3'-hydroxymarmesinin (7), hyuganoside V (8), daucosterol (9), and sucrose (10). Conclusion Compounds 1–3 are new ones and 4–6 and 8 are obtained from title plant for the first time.

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