Volume 7,Issue 3,2015 Table of Contents

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  • 1  Herbal Medicine Belongs to Not Only the Nationality, But Also the World
    Chang-xiao Liu
    2015, 7(3):195-195. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60041-7
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    2  Systems Biology Application in Research on Sustainable Utilization of Chinese Materia Medica Resources
    Sheng Wang Hai-yu Xu Lan-ping Guo Lu-qi Huang Chang-xiao Liu
    2015, 7(3):196-203. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60042-9
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    This paper reviews the progress of systems biology applied to researching on sustainable utilization of Chinese materia medica (CMM) resources in the following aspects: identification and evaluation of CMM resources, analysis of biosynthesis and their regulation of active ingredients in medicinal plants, metabolic engineering and synthetic biology research of medicinal plants, and molecular breeding of medicinal plants. Development of systems biology is currently leading to extremely broad applications in the field of CMM resources, and systems biology will become a significant approach for the sustainable utilization of CMM resources.
    3  Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacology of Epimedium L. Species
    Jun Jiang Jie Song Xiao-bin Jia
    2015, 7(3):204-222. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60043-0
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    Epimedii Folium, a famous Chinese materia medica, is botanically originated from Epimedium L. species. Here Epimedium L. species were reviewed in phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), and processing. They have been proven to possess the efficacy on anti-osteoporosis, antitumor, and treating sexual dysfunction in traditional Chinese medicines. More than 270 compounds have been isolated from the plants of Epimedium L., some of which could be metabolized into a series of metabolites after oral absorption by the active enzymes and intestinal microflora leading to various bioactivities. Polyglucosides (epimendins A-C) and the coresponding oligoglycosides (icariin and baohuoside I) play important roles in clinical application.
    4  Ethnopharmacological Investigation and Rapid Authentication of Mongolian Patent Medicines Digeda
    Le Zhang Zhan-hu Cui Yong-xu Mu Kun-hua Wei Zhen-hua Li Hong Zhu Da-wei Yang Ying-li Wang Ping Long Chun-hong Zhang Min-hui Li
    2015, 7(3):223-237. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60044-2
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    Objective To investigate Mongolian medicinal plants called Digeda and the prescriptions in Inner Mongolia region and to establish a molecular method for authentication of Digeda Mongolian patent medicines (MPMs). Methods A field investigation was conducted on traditional uses of Digeda. After interviewed traditional healers in Mongolian, ethnopharmacological information of Digeda prescriptions was recorded in detail, including names, compositions, and traditional uses. And the total DNA from 10 MPMs has been amplified by three pairs of specific primers. Specific PCR products were further identified by sequence alignment with the known sequences already submitted in GenBank or own sequences. Results Fifteen Digeda plants and 29 Digeda prescriptions with their ethnopharmacological knowledge were collected. Ten MPM samples containing Lomatogonium rotatum, Viola philippica, and Corydalis bungeana were successfully evidenced by PCR with specific bands as raw materials. Conclusion Digeda should be further investigated in ethnopharmacology, which is a fundamental step toward developing efficacious natural drugs for various diseases. PCR amplification of specific allele is an easy and economical method, which can be used to identify highly processed MPMs and will assist in monitoring their qualities and legalities.
    5  Neuroprotection of Stilbenes from Leaves of Cajanus cajan against Oxidative Damage Induced by Corticosterone and Glutamate in Differentiated PC12 Cells
    Ya-min Liu Sheng-nan Shen Fang-bo Xia Qi Chang Xin-min Liu Rui-le Pan
    2015, 7(3):238-246. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60045-4
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    Objective To investigate the neuroprotective effects of four stilbenes, namely cajaninstilbene acid (CSA), longistyline A, longistyline C, and cajanolactone A, isolated from the leaves of Cajanus cajan. Methods Neuroprotective effects of the four stilbenes were evaluated using rat pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12 cells) damage models induced by corticosterone (Cort) or glutamate. In order to elaborate whether the neuroprotective effects of stilbenes are related to anti-oxidant properties, both oxidant and anti-oxidant parameters were measured. Results The results of MTT assay and LDH release assay demonstrated that the four stilbenes possessed neuroprotective effects. Moreover, the treatment on PC12 cells with Cort or glutamate (Glu) could significantly increase the levels of ROS and MDA with decreasing the activities of SOD and CAT. However, the four tested stilbenes could significantly alleviate such situation by dropping out the levels of ROS and MDA, as well as enhancing the activities of SOD and CAT. Conclusion These results provide a scientific basis for further studies to explore the potential neuroprotective effects on neurodegenerative diseases.
    6  Comparative Study for Pharmacological Action of Corydalis Rhizoma before and after Processing
    Rong Li Yan-bing Niu Zhi-ying Dou
    2015, 7(3):247-254. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60046-6
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    Objective To clarify the rationality and to provide reasonable usage references of processed Corydalis Rhizoma (CR) in clinic by comparing respectively pharmacological actions including analgesic, anti-inflammation, antiplatelet aggregation and spasmolysis of Yuanhu Zhitong Tablet (YZT) and Yanhusuo Decoction (YD) constituted with raw CR (RCR) or processed CR (PCR). Methods The hot-board, acetic-acid- induced twisting experiments and mouse auricular swelling model by injecting xylene in the abdomen of mouse were adopted to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the four formulas on Kunming mice; The experiment of contractile activity on isolated rat intestine smooth muscle on Wistar rats was applied to observing the spasmolysis effect of the four formulas; The experiments of platelet aggregation induced by ADP or collagen on Wistar rats by turbidimetry method were used to observe the anti-platelet aggregation effect of the four formulas. Results Compared with RCR in two prescriptions, PCR displayed better analgesic effect (P < 0.05, 0.01), while there was no difference on anti-inflammatory effect; Inhibition of the two prescriptions on smooth muscle spasm was presented well, and the prescription YD with PCR was remarkable (P < 0.05, 0.01); Compared with the blank group, the two prescriptions showed outstanding effects on anti-platelet aggregation (P < 0.01), but no difference between RCR and PCR in two prescriptions. Conclusion PCR can improve the analgesic effect of prescription YZT and intensify the spasmolysis effect of prescription YD, which can be explained by the Chinese medicine processing regulation. Therefore, PCR is suggested to be chosen in YZT and YD used to cure pain symptoms.
    7  Oleuropein Improves Long Term Potentiation at Perforant Path-dentate Gyrus Synapses in vivo
    Fei-fei Pu Song Yin Hong-ying Chen Zhi Dai Tian-xiu Qian Cheng-cheng Wang Hui Xu Xiao-ying Wang
    2015, 7(3):255-260. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60047-8
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    Objective To investigate the effect of oleuropein (OE) on long term potentiation (LTP) at hippocampal perforant path-dentate gyrus synapses in vivo. Methods An outer guide cannula, a monopolar recording electrode, and a bipolar stimulating electrode were implanted in the skull and extracellular recording technique was used to record the population spike in the dentate gyrus of anesthetized rats. Results Oleuropein significantly increased the basal synaptic transmission and the amplitude of population spike was increased from (117.6 ± 2.3)% to (134.9 ± 3.7)% after administration with OE. OE also accelerated LTP induction and maintenance, the population spike amplitude after high frequency stimulation was increased from (167.2 ± 12.8)% to (225.5 ± 15.5)% and the maintenance phase of LTP was from (182.1 ± 15.1)% to (210.5 ± 9.0)% respectively after administration with OE. Conclusion Present study showed that OE significantly improved different stages of LTP, which could be the molecular mechanism of its efficacy on attenuating AD-like pathology and delaying cognitive decline. OE can be a promising drug for AD and dementia.
    8  Protection of Sophocarpine on Colonic Barrier in DSS-induced Acute Colitis in Mice by Increasing Expression of HNF4α
    Jian-mei Zhang Ya-bi Zhu Hong-guang Li Shuang-mei Luan Chun-yan Song Xing Deng Yue-xiang Chen
    2015, 7(3):261-266. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60048-X
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    Objective To investigate the possible protective effects of sophocarpine on mucosal injury and epithelial barrier disruption on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis. Methods Male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups. The mice in normal group were given normal water, and those in model and sophocarpine- treated groups were given 2.5% DSS for 6 d to induce acute colitis. Sophocarpine (30 mg/kg) was ip administered once daily during the study period. Severity of colitis was evaluated by disease activity index (DAI), histological injury and inflammatory cytokine production including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1b (IL-1b), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). The colonic barrier disruption was assessed by testing the expression of junctional adhesion molecule-1 (JAM-1), E-cadherin (E-CAD), and desmocollin-2 (DSC-2) in colon mucosa. Expression of HNF4α in colon mucosa was detected by immunohistochemistry staining and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. Results Compared with normal group, DAI, colonic shortening, and histopathological injury in model group were elevated (P < 0.05), but reduced in sophocarpine-treated group (P < 0.05). Compared with model group, the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1) were obviously lower in sophocarpine-treated group (P < 0.05), while the cellular junction proteins (E-CAD, JAM-1, and DSC-2) were higher (P < 0.05). The expression of HNF4α at mRNA and protein levels was decreased significantly in model group, but increased apparently in sophocarpine-treated group. Conclusion Sophocarpine can enhance the expression of HNF4α, promote the expression of colonic intrecellular junctions, thus, maintain the integrity of the colonic barrier and inhibit the colitis process. We suggest that sophocarpine could enhance the production of cellular junction proteins to protect the intestinal barrier fuction, at least partly, in HNF4α-dependent pathway.
    9  Preparative Separation of Four Alkaloids from Gelsemium elegans by High-speed Counter-current Chromatography
    Qiu-ping Zhang Zheng-tao Wang Gui-xin Chou
    2015, 7(3):267-272. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60049-1
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    Objective To develop an efficient preparative method for the separation of Gelsemium alkaloids from Gelsemium elegans. Methods High-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) with several two-phase solvent systems was investigated for the separation of Gelsemium alkaloids. The purity and structure identification of the purified compounds were performed with HPLC and NMR spectra, respectively. Results In a single operation, 206.6 mg of crude alkaloid sample was separated to yield 28.7 mg of koumine, 24.9 mg of gelsemine, 26.9 mg of humantenine, and 7.2 mg of gelsevirine, with the purities of 97.8%, 95.4%, 97.4%, and 93.5%, respectively. Conclusion A preparative HSCCC method is successfully established for the separation of four Gelsemium alkaloids from G. elegans with a modified two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-ethanol-0.5% triethylamine-H2O (3:5:3:4).
    10  C21 Steroidal Saponins from Cynanchum otophyllum
    Yi-bin Zhao Yue-mao Shen Hong-ping He Zhi-zhi Du Quan-zhang Mu Xiao-jiang Hao
    2015, 7(3):273-278. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60050-8
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    Objective To study the chemical structures of saponins in the rhizome of Cynanchum otophyllum (Asclepiadaceae), and to find new compounds. Methods The total saponins of the rhizome were separated by silica gel column chromatography. The chemical structures of obtained compounds were determined by NMR and FAB-MS spectra. Results Three C21 steroidal saponins were separated. Their structures were determined as caudatin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-digitoxopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-digino- pyranosyl-(1→4)-α-d-oleandropyranoside (1), caudatin 3-O-β-d-oleandropyranosyl- (1→4)-α-d-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-α-d-oleandropyranoside (2), and caudatin 3-O- β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-d-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-diginopyranosyl-(1→4)- α-d-oleandropyranoside (3), respectively. Conclusion Saponins 1-3 are new compounds.
    11  Immunological Activities of Components from Leaves of Liriodendron chinensis
    Nian-yun Yang Liu-ying Wang Yi-wen Zhang
    2015, 7(3):279-282. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60051-X
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    Objectives To investigate the anti-inflammatory components from the leaves of Liriodendron chinensis. Methods The 95% alcohol extract from the leaves of L. chinensis was subjected to column chromatography, and the structures of purified compounds were determined by spectral methods. The bioassay was performed through the inhibitory effects on the inflammatory cells activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results Nine compounds were isolated, including octacosanoic acid (1), stearic acid (2), (2R)-2-hydroxy-N-[(2S,3S,4R,8E)-1,3,4-tri-hydroxyicos-8-en-2-yl]tetracosanamide (3), (2R)-2-hydroxy-N-[(2S,3S,4R,8E)-1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-3,4-dihydroxy- octadec-8-en-2-yl]eicosanamide (4), (2R)-2-hydroxy-N-[(2S,3S,4R,8E)-1-O-β-D- glucopyranosyloxy-3,4-dihydroxyoctadec-8-en-2-yl]hexadecanamide (5), dicentrinone (6), liriodenine (7), daucosterol (8), and liriodendritol (9) and among which five compounds could significantly lower the content of nitric oxide (NO) from peritoneal macrophages of rats induced by LPS and reduce the splenic lymphocyte proliferation in mice. This is the first report on the occurrence of ceramides and dicentrinone in the plants of Liriodendron Linn. Conclusion The five compounds are likely to be anti-inflammatory compounds concerning to their pronounced inhibitory action on the activated inflammatory cells. This assessment might provide a basis for searching the potent active compounds used for the treatment of inflammation.
    12  Two New 3, 4-seco-Lanostane Triterpenoids from Stems of Kadsura heteroclita
    Ding-xiang Li Jun Li Yan-peng Yin Li-jiang Xuan
    2015, 7(3):283-286. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60052-1
    [Abstract](506) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](8)
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    Objective To find new triterpenoids from the stems of Kadsura heteroclite. Methods The constituents were isolated and purified by various column chromatographies. Their structures were elucidated mainly on the basis of 1D (1H-, 13C-, and DEPT), 2D (HSQC, HMBC, and ROESY) NMR and mass spectral analysis, also compared with literature data. Results Four triterpenoids were isolated and identified as 3-ethyl manwuweizate (1), 26-methyl manwuweizate (2), manwuweizic acid (3), and anwuweizonic acid (4). Conclusion Compounds 1 and 2 are new triterpenoids.
    13  Ethical Guideline to Authors, Editors, and Reviewers
    2015, 7(3):287-288.
    [Abstract](447) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](8)
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