Volume 7,Issue 2,2015 Table of Contents

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  • 1  Xiyanping Injection in Treatment of Viral Pneumonia in Children: A Meta-analysis of Random Control Trials
    Shi-guang Sun Ya-fei Shi Hui Yan Yang Li Rui Wang Su-hui Wang Xiao-di Sun
    2015, 7(2). DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60035-1
    [Abstract](1087) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](12)
    Abstract:
    Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Xiyanping Injection in the treatment of viral pneumonia in children. Methods We searched several databases, including PubMed, CNKI, VIP and Wanfang Data (January— June, 2014). The references of all selected studies were also retrieved to collect the relevantly randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on Xiyanping Injection for viral pneumonia in children. Two authors screened the literatures in accordance with the inclusive criteria, extracted the data and assessed the methodological quality of the included studies. We used RevMan 5.2 software for meta-analysis. Results Meta-analysis on the 10 included RCTs showed that the effective rates of defervescing and vanishing of the rashes and cough in the Xiyanping Injection group were better than those in the Ribavirin Injection group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of adverse drug reaction. Conclusion The existing research indicated that Xiyanping Injection is a secure and efficient scheme for viral pneumonia in children. Because of the poor quality of present researches, these results should be verified by strictly-designed and large-scale sample RCTs.
    2  Correlation of Metabolism, Metabolomics, and Metabonomics
    Li-da Tang
    2015, 7(2):97-97. DOI: DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60039-9
    [Abstract](664) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](7)
    Abstract:
    3  Phytochemistry, Metabolism, and Metabolomics of Ginseng
    Xiao-peng Chen Yan-ping Lin Yao-zhong Hu Chang-xiao Liu Ke Lan Wei Jia
    2015, 7(2):98-108. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60026-0
    [Abstract](975) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](11)
    Abstract:
    Ginseng, as a medicinal plant, has been used for thousands of years in China, Korea, and Japan, and the study on ginseng is a hotspot in the research field as evidenced by about 7000 scientific papers in PUBMED. In recent decades, many ginseng studies focused on the metabolism and metabolomics of ginseng or its active ingredients using modern bioanalytical technologies. To date, more than 200 ginsenosides and non-saponin constituents have been isolated and identified. In the past decades, rapid development of analytical technologies has facilitated the advancement of ginseng research in many ways. In this review, we focus on the advances of ginseng research in chemistry, pharmacology, and metabolomics. We also provide the comments on the significance as well as challenges of metabolomics-based ginseng studies.
    4  Metabolism of Chinese Materia Medica in Gut Microbiota and Its Biological Effects
    Yan Wang Jia-wen Shou Jian-dong Jiang
    2015, 7(2):109-115. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60027-2
    [Abstract](891) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](7)
    Abstract:
    The drug metabolism in gut microbiota draws increasing attentions. After interacting with the gut bacteria, the biological effects of drugs might be altered, leading to toxicity or detoxification, production of potential bioactivities, regulating intestinal absorption, etc. In this review, we will focus on the metabolism of Chinese materia medica (CMM) in mammal gut microbiota and its biological effects to learn the interaction between gut bacteria and drugs through oral route in CMM.
    5  Advances in Transcriptomic Studies and Ginsenoside Biosynthesis of American Ginseng
    Li-qiu Zou Xue-jun Kuang Chao Sun
    2015, 7(2):116-122. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60028-4
    [Abstract](884) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](8)
    Abstract:
    American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.), belonging to the Araliaceae family, is one of the most widely used traditional herbs in the world. Its major bioactive constituents are triterpene saponins known as ginsenosides. Up to date, it is still a big challenge to sequence and assemble the large and repeat-enriched genome of tetraploid American ginseng, using whole genome shotgun (WGS) sequencing strategy. The lack of American ginseng genome information has significantly impeded its genetic and functional genomic studies. With the development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, sequencing and analysis of transcriptomes have become powerful tools for the discovery of novel genes and elucidation of specific biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites. Here we summarized the recent advances in the transcriptomic studies of American ginseng, including high-throughput transcriptome sequencing, assembly, and functional gene annotation and classification. Based on the results of transcriptomic data mining and co-expression analyses, many candidate genes possibly involved in the biosynthetic pathway of ginsenosides have been found, thereby providing an unparalleled opportunity to fully understand the mechanism of ginsenoside biosynthesis and its regulations in American ginseng. Advances in transcriptomic studies will contribute to the molecular breeding and planting management of American ginseng and to the development of novel ginsenoside-type drugs.
    6  Microsatellite Development and Potential Application in Authentication, Conservation, and Genetic Improvement of Chinese Medicinal Plants
    Jian-jun Chen Ying Wang
    2015, 7(2):123-134. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60029-6
    [Abstract](951) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](4)
    Abstract:
    Medicinal plants are popular and widely used as a major source of herbal drugs and pharmaceutical compounds. Ever-growing demands make medicinal plants faced to several problems including efficacy and safety to meet business requirements, conservation, and artificially assisted breeding. As a powerful molecular tool, microsatellites offer the great potentials for various purposes in plants. This review provides a scenario of microsatellites in medicinal plants including development from genomic or expressed sequence tag libraries, cross-species transferability, genotyping, and potential applications. We emphasized on the authentication of medicinal plants by microsatellite markers.
    7  Cistanches Herba : Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects
    Lin–lin Wang Hui Ding He–shui Yu Li-Feng han Qing-hai Lai Li-juan Zhang Xin-bo Song
    2015, 7(2):135-142. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60017-X
    [Abstract](1155) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](29)
    Abstract:
    Cistanches Herba, known as ‘‘Ginseng of the desert’’, is authenticated from the dried succulent stems of Cistanche deserticola and Cistanche tubulosa. As a famous remedy in China for tonic the kidney, it is used to treat “kidney-deficiency syndrome”-induced diseases such as infertility, forgetfulness, hearing lost, chronic constipation, etc.. As various biological activities, including anti-aging, antioxidant, estrogenic, anti-osteoporotic, and anti- inflammation effects, have been discovered, here we reviewed Cistanches Herba in biological characteristics, chemical constituents, and pharmacological activities.
    8  Study on Integral Dissolution Model Based on Biological Potency for Compound Chinese Materia Medica
    Yun-zhi Xiao Yuan Dong Chao-yong Liu Li-hong Zhang Chao Yu Lu Wan Jin Han Hai-long Yuan
    2015, 7(2):143-149. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60030-2
    [Abstract](1167) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](7)
    Abstract:
    Objective To investigate the integral dissolution model based on biological potency in order to evaluate the dissolution of Compound Chinese materia medica (CCMM) in vitro. Methods The contents of paeoniflorin, phillyrin, ginsenoside Rg1, and adenosine of ten batches of Compound Biejia Ruangan Tablet (CBRT) were determined at different times. The self-defined weighting coefficient based on the contents has been created to establish the integral dissolution model. In addition, the biological potency of CBRT was measured by MTT assay. Then, the f2 similar factor was used to evaluate the similarity of the batches. Results Compared with batch a, some batches’ f2 values of paeoniflorin and adenosine were less than 50, while f2 values of ginsenoside Rg1, phillyrin, and integral component were more than 50. Likewise, ginsenoside Rg1, phillyrin, and integral component were all in good correlation with biological dissolution. Conclusion The results of the integral dissolution based on biological test of CBRT demonstrate that the bioassay method may be a promising supplement for its quality evaluation.
    9  Effects of Kaixin Powder on Expression of 5-HT Receptor in Hippocampus of Depressed Rats Induced by CUMS
    Su-hong Lu Jun Guo Chuan Cai Xue-bing Liang Jian-hua Guan Xia Peng Guo-ping Zhao
    2015, 7(2):150-154. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60031-4
    [Abstract](1366) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](5)
    Abstract:
    Objective To observe the influence of Kaixin Powder on ethology,content of 5-HT in the hippocampus, expression of mRNA, and protein in 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors in the hippocampus of depressed rats induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Methods Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into blank, model, Trazodone, and Kaixin Powder groups, six rats in each group. In addition to the blank control group, other groups were established the depression model induced by CUMS combined with isolated feeding. At the same time, Trazodone group and Kaixin Powder group were treated with corresponding drugs for 3 weeks. After 3 weeks of administration, the rats were sacrificed, and a series of indexes were measured such as the contents of 5-HT, mRNA expression levels of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors, protein expression levels of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors, and so on. Results A series of indexes in the model group were decreased significantly such as the body weight growth, the sugar water intake, the score of Open Field Test, the content of 5-HT in the hippocampus, expression of mRNA, and protein in 5-HT1A receptor, while the expression of mRNA and protein in 5-HT2A receptor were increased significantly. Compared with the model group, the indexes were ameliorated in Trazodone and Kaixin Powder groups. Kaixin Powder is better than Trazodone in decreasing the level of protein in 5-HT2A receptor. Conclusion The result indicated that the depression performance of depressed rats induced by CUMS can be ameliorated by Kaixin Powder, and the mechanism maybe concerned with increasing the contents of 5-HT, exciting 5-HT1A receptor, and antagonising 5 - HT2A receptor.
    10  Anti-inflammation of Tripterygium wilfordii Polycoride on Macrophages and Its Regulation to Inflammation via TLR4/NF-?B
    Dan-ping Qin Yi-jun Zhou Shao-zhu Zhang Jun-min Cao Li-yu Xu Guo-dong Fang Jia Wang
    2015, 7(2):155-161. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60032-6
    [Abstract](1319) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](6)
    Abstract:
    Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of Tripterygium wilfordii polycoride (TWP) towards the pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-1β) on the inflammatory reaction in macrophages induced by LPS and its regulatory effect and influence on the inflammation via TLR4/NF-kB. Methods The MTT method was adopted to test the effect of drugs, TWP, dexamethasone (DXM) and azathioprine (AZA) on cell growth and to select the appropriate concentration. LPS was used to induce the inflammatory reaction in RAW264.7 cell line of mice. Elisa kit was adopted to test the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β. Western blotting was adopted to test the protein expression of TNF-α and IL-1β. RT-PCR was adopted to test the expression of TLR4 and NF-?B. Results The inhibiting effect of TWP on the release of TNF-α and IL-1β in a dose dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of three different TWP dose groups is weaker than that in DXM group. However, TWP in high dose is better than AZA on TNF-α and is as strong as AZA on IL-1β. The dose dependent manner also exits in the effect on the expression of TLR4 and NF-?B, the effect is not weaker, but even stronger than that of DXM and AZA. Conclusion The research shows that down regulation of TLR4 and NF-kB p65 may be one of the mechanisms about the TWP inhibitory effect on TNF-α and IL-1β.
    11  Total Flavonoids from Flowers of Abelmoschus manihot for Amelioration of α-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced Cholestasis by Regulating Expression of Transporters
    Guo Ai Zheng-ming Huang Qing-chuan Liu
    2015, 7(2):162-166. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60033-8
    [Abstract](774) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](13)
    Abstract:
    Objective To explore the molecular mechanisms of the total flavonoids extracted from the flowers of Abelmoschus manihot (TFA) against α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestasis. Methods The hepatoprotective activities of TFA (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) were investigated on ANIT-induced cholestatic liver injury in rats. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), total bile acid (TBA), and bile flow were measured to evaluate the protective effect of TFA. Furthermore, the hepatic mRNA and protein levels of transports, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2), bile salt export pump (BSEP), and Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) were investigated to elucidate the protective mechanisms of TFA against ANIT-induced cholestasis. Results Pretreatment of TFA significantly and dose-dependently decreased the ANIT-induced elevation of serum ALT, AST, TBIL, and TBA levels and increased the ANIT-induced suppression of bile flow. Moreover, TFA was found to increase the expression of liver MRP2, BSEP, and NTCP in both protein and mRNA levels in ANIT-induced liver injury in rats with cholestasis. Conclusion TFA exerts a therapeutic effect on ANIT-induced liver injury in rats with cholestasis, possibly through regulating the expressions of hepatic transporters.
    12  Inhibition of Magnolol and Honokiol on Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Rat and Human Liver Microsomes
    Jin Duan Juan Xiao Yong Chen Feng-mei Han
    2015, 7(2):167-172. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60034-X
    [Abstract](878) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](10)
    Abstract:
    Objective The purpose of this work is to evaluate the in vitro inhibitory effect of magnolol (MN) and honokiol (HN) on rat / human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (1A2/1A2, 2D/2D6, 3A/3A4, 2E1/2E1, and 2C/2C9). Methods Rat liver microsomes (RLM) and human liver microsomes (HLM) were used as the enzyme sources. After the probe substrate of each CYP isoforms was co-incubated individually with MN or HN in RLM or HLM, the metabolite production of each probe substrate in RLM and HLM incubation medium was determined and used to evaluate the activity of corresponding CYP isoforms. Results MN inhibited rat CYP1A2 and human CYP3A4 with the IC50 values of 10.0 and 56.2 μmol/L, respectively. HN inhibited rat CYP1A2 and CYP2E1, human CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 with the IC50 values of 12.1, 12.6, 17.8, and 43.9 μmol/L, respectively. Conclusion HN is a moderate or weak inhibitor of human CYP1A2. Both MN and HN are weak or non inhibitors of the other tested human CYP isoforms. The results suggest that no significant metabolic interaction seems likely to occur when the substrate drugs of CYP isoforms tested in the present work are co-administered with MN and HN.
    13  Saponin Accumulation in Flower Buds of Panax notoginseng
    Zheng Wang Yuan-yuan Chen Hui-jie Pan Li Wei You-hua Wang Chen-hong Zeng
    2015, 7(2):179-184. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60036-3
    [Abstract](793) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](11)
    Abstract:
    Objective Panax notoginseng is an important Chinese medicinal plant. Saponin accumulation is higher in the flower buds than in the other parts of P. notoginseng. However, the flower bud compositions have not yet been quantified. The aim of this study is to investigate the formation and accumulation of saponins in the flower buds of P. notoginseng from different populations and at different growth years. Methods Fourteen types of P. notoginseng with different growing durations and from different areas of Wenshan County, Yunnan Province were collected. We separated P. notoginseng individually into the flower buds, stems, leaves, and roots at the places where it has the highest saponin content. An efficient high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for simultaneously quantifying two active saponins, ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Rb3, in the flower buds of P. notoginseng. The total saponin content was determined by using a quantitative vanillin-sulfuric acid colorimetric method. HPLC method was used to establish the fingerprints of 13 saponins and then quantify the composition in the whole plant of P. notoginseng. Results The saponin contents of different parts differ significantly, and the total saponin content and those of Rb1 and Rb3 do not entirely correlated. The flower buds of P. notoginseng contain 27.79% of total saponins, which is the highest saponin content in the whole plant. Fingerprint result showed that different saponins were appeared in different parts of the plant, i.e. flower buds, stems, leaves, and roots. Conclusion The saponin contents from the flower buds of P. notoginseng vary depending on the growth area and duration. The fingerprints show that the saponin contents and compositions vary depending on the part of P. notoginseng. These results are useful for the pharmacological evaluation and quality control of P. notoginseng.
    14  Simultaneous Determination of Two Major Triterpenoid Saponins: Celosins ? and II in Celosiae Semen by HPLC-ELSD
    Rui-bing Chen Yu-yang Zhang Jian-ming He Wen-dan Wu Mei-li Guo
    2015, 7(2):185-190. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60037-5
    [Abstract](1203) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](5)
    Abstract:
    Objective To establish an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of celosin ? and celosin ??, two major triterpenoids in Celosia Semen and compare the contents of celosin ? and celosin ?? from different habitats to screen the resources of elite germplasm for further applications. Methods A sensitive and simple high- performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light-scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD) method was developed for the first time for the simultaneous determination of celosin ? and celosin ??. Using this method, 21 batches of Celosiae Semen were determined from different habitats in China. Results There was an obvious difference in the contents of celosin ? and celosin ?? among Celosiae Semen species from various habitats across China. The crude drug from Yongzhou, Hunan province, Zhuhai, Guangdong province, and Nanning, Guangxi province showed the highest contents of all habitats, while Anguo, Hebei province, Haidian, Beijing, and Zhengzhou, Henan province showed the lowest content. The results also showed that geographical location had a great influence on the contents of the two compounds. The batches from lower latitudes were higher in contents of celosin ? and celosin ??. Conclusion The sun light may be a key factor influencing the contents of the two saponins, indicating that the environment has a great impact on the quality of Celosiae Semen.
    15  A New Geranylated 2-Arylbenzofuran from Morus alba
    Da-song Yang Zi-lei Li Yong-ping Yang Wei-lie Xiao Xiao-li Li
    2015, 7(2):191-194. DOI: 10.1016/S1674-6384(15)60038-7
    [Abstract](827) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](7)
    Abstract:
    Objective To study the chemical constituents from the root barks of Morus alba. Methods Various chromatographic techniques were used to separate the constituents and their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic interpretation. Results Six compounds were isolated from the root barks of M. alba. The structure of new compound, named as albafuran D (1), was established together with known compounds sanggenon H (2), kuwanon E (3), kuwanon U (4), kuwanon F (5), and benzokuwanon E (6). Conclusion Compound 1 is a new geranylated 2-arylbenzofuran.

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