中草药  2015, Vol. 46 Issue (9): 1292-1295
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铁皮石斛化学成分研究
周佳1, 周先丽2, 梁成钦2, 苏小建1, 李伯林1 , 卿亚艳2, 吴园娥2    
1. 广西师范大学, 广西 桂林 541004;
2. 桂林医学院, 广西 桂林 541004
摘要目的 研究铁皮石斛Dendrobium officinale的化学成分。方法 使用硅胶色谱法、反相硅胶色谱法及半制备HPLC等技术进行分离纯化,采用现代波谱技术鉴定化合物结构。结果 从铁皮石斛70%乙醇提取物中分离得到14个化合物,分别鉴定为苯甲醇-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(1)、异鼠李素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖基 (1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(2)、conicaoside(3)、3,4,5-三甲氧基苯-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4)、2,6-二甲氧基-4-羟基苯酚-1-O-β-葡萄糖苷(5)、4-(3'-羟丙基)-2,6-二甲氧基苯酚- 3'-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6)、胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷(7)、紫丁香苷(8)、4-烯丙基-2,6-二甲氧基苯基葡萄糖苷(9)、(+)-丁香脂素(10)、丁香脂素-4'-O-β-D-单葡糖苷(11)、柚皮素(12)、对羟基苯甲酸(13)、4,4'-二羟基-3,5-二甲氧基联苄(14)。结论 化合物16为首次从石斛属植物中发现,78为首次从本植物中发现。
关键词铁皮石斛     苯甲醇-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷     异鼠李素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖基 (1→2)-β-D-葡萄糖苷     3,4,5-三甲氧基苯-1-O- β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷     紫丁香苷    
Chemical constituents of Dendrobium officinale
ZHOU Jia1, ZHOU Xian-li2, LIANG Cheng-qin2, SU Xiao-jian1, LI Bo-lin1, QING Ya-yan2, WU Yuan-e2    
1. Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China;
2. Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
Abstract: Objective To study the chemical constituents of Dendrobium officinale in order to provide more scientific basis for its development and utilization of medicinal resources. Methods The compounds were isolated and purified by repeated column chromatography with silica gel and ODS column, and semi-preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic data. Results Fourteen compounds were isolated from the 70% ethanol extract of D. officinale and identified as: benzyl-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (1), isorhamnetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)-β-D-glycopyranoside (2), conicaoside (3), 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl- 1-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), 2,6-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenol-1-O-β-D-glucoside (5), 4-(3'-hydroxypropyl)-2,6-dimethoxy-phenol- 3'-O-β-D-glcoside (6), thymidine (7), syringin (8), 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl glucoside (9), (+)-syringaresinol (10), syringaresinol- 4'-O-β-D-monoglucoside (11), naringenin (12), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), and 4,4'-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybibenzyl (14). Conclusion The compouds 16 are isolated from the species of Dendrobium Sw. for the first time, and 78 are isolated from D. officinale for the first time.
Key words: Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo     benzyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside     isorhamnetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)- β-D-glycopyranoside     3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-1-β-D-glucopyranoside     syringin    

铁皮石斛Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo为兰科石斛属植物,是药用石斛中的上品,始载于 《神农本草经》,具有益胃生津、滋阴清热的功效,并可用于治疗热病津伤、目暗不明、胃阴不足、骨蒸劳热、阴虚火旺[1]。铁皮石斛自然繁殖效率极低,野生资源日趋稀少,加之无节制的采挖,自然资源濒临灭绝。鉴于铁皮石斛化学成分的多样性,为了进一步阐明铁皮石斛的药用物质基础和制定石斛质量标准,本研究对其化学成分进行了系统研究,分离得到了14个化合物,分别鉴定为苯甲醇-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(benzyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,1)、异鼠李素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖基 (1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 [isorhamnetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)- β-D-glycopyranoside,2]、conicaoside(3)、3,4,5-三甲氧基苯-1-O-β-D-葡吡喃糖苷(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl-1-β-D-glucopyranoside,4)、2,6-二甲氧基-4-羟基苯酚-1-O-β-葡萄糖苷(2,6-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyl- phenol-1-O-β-D-glucoside,5)、4-(3′-羟丙基)-2,6-二甲氧基苯酚-3′-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷 [4-(3′-hydroxypropyl)- 2,6-dimethoxy-phenol-3′-O-β-D-glcoside,6]、胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷(thymidine,7)、紫丁香苷(syringin,8)、4-烯丙基-2,6-二甲氧基苯基葡萄糖苷(4-allyl- 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl glucoside,9)、(+)-丁香脂素 [(+)-syringaresinol,10]、丁香脂素-4′-O-β-D-单葡糖苷(syringaresinol-4′-O-β-D-monoglucoside,11)、柚皮素(naringenin,12)、对羟基苯甲酸(p-hydroxybenzoic acid,13)、4,4′-二羟基-3,5-二甲氧基联苄(4,4′-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybibenzyl,14)。其中化合物16均为首次从石斛属植物中分离得到,78为首次从本植物中分离得到。 1 仪器与材料

DRX-400 M、DRX-500M、DRX-600M核磁共振仪(Bruker公司),Agilent 1260高效液相色谱仪,RE-52A旋转蒸发仪(上海亚荣生化仪器厂),BS 400S型电子天平(北京赛多利斯有限公司),硅胶(青岛海洋化工厂),反相硅胶ODS填料(YMC公司),化学试剂均为分析纯。

铁皮石斛于2013年采自云南勐连,经广西师范大学生命与科学学院刘灵教授鉴定为铁皮石斛Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo。 2 提取与分离

新鲜铁皮石斛5 kg,用70%乙醇回流提取3次,每次2 h,合并提取液并减压回收乙醇得浸膏380 g,加适量水溶解,然后依次用石油醚、醋酸乙酯、正丁醇进行萃取,得到石油醚萃取部分6 g、醋酸乙酯萃取部分24 g、正丁醇萃取部分32 g。

取醋酸乙酯萃取部分用MCI色谱分段(90%、100%甲醇),90%甲醇分离部分经硅胶柱(100~200目)色谱,氯仿-甲醇(100∶0→0∶100)梯度洗脱,通过薄层色谱分析得4个组分,分别为e-Fr. I(6.8 g)、e-Fr. II(5.4 g)、e-Fr. III(5.8 g)、e-Fr. IV(3.8 g)。然后利用RP-HPLC半制备色谱进行分析与分离,从e-Fr. I组分(甲醇-水56∶44)得到化合物13(7.2 mg)、14(6.5 mg);从e-Fr. II组分(甲醇-水1∶1)得到化合物12(10.3 mg);从e-Fr. III组分(甲醇-水46∶54)得到化合物1(6.2 mg)、6(4.5 mg)、9(8.3 mg);从e-Fr. IV组分(甲醇-水38∶62)得到化合物10(5.8 mg)。取正丁醇部分用MCI色谱及硅胶柱色谱进行粗分,通过薄层色谱分析得5个组分。然后利用RP-HPLC半制备色谱进行分析与分离,从Fr. I(4.3 g)组分(甲醇-水58∶42)得到化合物7(7.5 mg);从Fr. II(5.3 g)组分(甲醇-水55∶45)得到化合物8(6.9 mg)、11(10.6 mg);从Fr. III(5.9 g)组分(甲醇-水52∶48)得到化合物2(4.4 mg);从Fr. IV(4.2 g)组分(甲醇-水48∶52)得到化合物4(5.8 mg)、5(5.1 mg);从Fr. V(4.8 g)组分(甲醇-水44∶56)得到化合物3(7.8 mg)。 3 结构鉴定

化合物1:无色针晶(甲醇),mp 123~124 ℃。1H-NMR (400 MHz,CD3OD) δ: 7.39 (2H,d,J = 7.3 Hz,H-2,6),7.29 (2H,d,J = 7.3 Hz,H-3,5),7.28 (H,t,J = 7.1 Hz,H-4),4.60~4.65 (2H,m,H-7),4.36 (1H,d,J = 8.0 Hz,H-1′),3.22~3.89 (6H,m,H-2′,6′);13C-NMR (100 MHz,CD3OD) δ: 139.1 (C-1),129.2 (C-2,6),129.3 (C-3,5),128.7 (C-4),103.3 (C-1′),78.1 (C-3′),78.0 (C-5′),75.1 (C-2′),71.8 (C-4′),71.7 (C-7),62.8 (C-6′)。以上数据与文献报道一致[2],故鉴定化合物1为苯甲醇-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷。

化合物2:黄色结晶粉末,甲醇易溶,mp 178.4~180.4 ℃。1H-NMR (600 MHz,CD3OD) δ: 8.06 (1H,d,J = 2.0 Hz,H-2′),7.59 (1H,dd,J = 8.5,2.0 Hz,H-6′),6.95 (1H,d,J = 8.5 Hz,H-5′),6.40 (1H,H-8),6.20 (1H,H-6),5.94 (1H,d,J = 7.1 Hz,H-1′),0.92 (3H,d,J = 6.0 Hz,H-6′′′);13C-NMR (125 MHz,CD3OD) δ: 179.3 (C-4),165.7 (C-7),163.2 (C-5),158.4 (C-2),158.2 (C-9),150.6 (C-3′),148.3 (C-4′),134.3 (C-3),123.6 (C-1′),123.5 (C-6′),115.9 (C-2′),114.4 (C-5′),105.9 (C-10),102.8 (C-1′′′),100.1 (C-6),99.7 (C-1″),94.5 (C-8),80.3 (C-2″),78.8 (C-3″),78.5 (C-5″),73.9 (C-4′′′),72.4 (C-2′′′),72.3 (C-4″),71.8 (C-3′′′),69.9 (C-5′′′),62.4 (C-6″),56.9 (-OCH3),17.4 (C-6′′′)。以上数据与文献报道一致[3],故鉴定化合物2为异鼠李素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖基 (1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷。

化合物3:白色无定形粉末;ESI-MS m/z: 575 [M+Na]+,结合1H-NMR和13C-NMR谱可以推断其分子式为C27H36O12,不饱和度为10。1H-NMR (600 MHz,CD3OD) δ: 6.80 (1H,d,J = 1.5 Hz,H-2′),6.72 (1H,d,J = 7.5 Hz,H-5′),6.66 (2H,s,H-2,6),6.64 (1H,dd,J = 7.5,1.5 Hz,H-6′),4.88 (1H,d,J = 7.5 Hz,Glc-H-1),4.82 (1H,overlap,H-7),4.04 (1H,t,J = 8.0 Hz,H-9′a),3.88 (1H,dd,J = 10.5,7.5 Hz,H-9a),3.85 (6H,s,3,5-OCH3),3.83 (3H,s,3′-OCH3),3.69~3.79 (2H,m,H-9b,9′b),2.91 (1H,dd,J = 14.0,5.0 Hz,H-7′a),2.66~2.75 (1H,m,H-8′),2.51 (1H,dd,J = 14.0,11.5 Hz,H-7′b),2.34~2.38 (1H,m,H-8);13C-NMR (150 MHz,CD3OD) δ: 154.4 (C-3,5),149.1 (C-3′),146.0 (C-4′),141.8 (C-1),135.3 (C-4),133.6 (C-1′),122.2 (C-6′),116.3 (C-5′),113.4 (C-2′),105.5 (C-10),104.6 (C-2,6),84.1 (C-7),78.5 (C-3″),77.9 (C-5″),75.8 (C-2″),73.9 (C-9′),71.4 (C-4″),62.7 (C-6″),60.7 (C-9),57.1 (3,5-OCH3),56.4 (3′-OCH3),54.3 (C-8),43.9 (C-8′),33.7 (C-7′)。以上数据与文献报道一致[4],故鉴定化合物3为conicaoside。

化合物4:白色粉末,mp 201~202 ℃。1H-NMR (600 MHz,C5D5N) δ: 6.77 (2H,s,H-2,6),5.60 (1H,d,J = 7.4 Hz,H-1′),4.61 (1H,m,H-6b),4.35 (1H,m,H-6a),4.10~4.30 (4H,m,H-2′~5′),3.80 (3H,s,4- OCH3),3.70 (6H,s,3,5-OCH3);13C-NMR (125 MHz,C5D5N) δ: 155.6 (C-4),154.6 (C-3,5),134.1 (C-1),103.3 (C-1′),95.6 (C-2,6),79.6 (C-5′),79.1 (C-3′),75.4 (C-2′),72.0 (C-4′),62.9 (C-6′),61.0 (4-OCH3),56.2 (3,5-OCH3)。以上数据与文献报道基本一致[5],故鉴定化合物4为3,4,5-三甲氧基苯-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷。

化合物5:白色无定形粉末。1H-NMR (400 MHz,CD3OD) δ: 6.57 (2H,s,H-3,5),5.61 (1H,d,J = 6.3 Hz,H-1′),3.90~4.45 (6H,m,H-2′~6′),3.68 (6H,s,2×-OCH3);13C-NMR (100 MHz,CD3OD) δ: 156.2 (C-4),154.9 (C-2,6),129.6 (C-1),106.1 (C-1′),95.4 (C-3,5),78.9 (C-5′),78.7 (C-3′),76.3 (C-2′),72.0 (C-4′),63.0 (C-6′),56.7 (2×-OCH3)。以上数据与文献报道一致[6],故鉴定化合物5为2,6-二甲氧基-4-羟基苯酚-1-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷。

化合物6:无色油状物。1H-NMR (600 MHz,C5D5N) δ: 6.55 (2H,s,H-3,5),4.80 (1H,d,J = 7.2 Hz),3.85 (1H,s,H-4),3.78 (1H,dd,J = 7.7,11.9 Hz,H-4′),3.68 (1H,dd,J = 5.1,6.4 Hz,H-6),3.58 (2H,t,J = 12.8 Hz,H-1b,1′b),2.62 (2H,t,J = 15.4 Hz,H-1a,1′a),1.81 (3H,m,CH3);13C-NMR (150 MHz,C5D5N) δ: 154.0 (C-2,6),139.4 (C-4),134.5 (C-1),107.4 (C-1′),105.5 (C-3,5),79.0 (C-5′),78.7 (C-3′),76.4 (C-2′),71.8 (C-4′),62.8 (C-6′),61.7 (C-1″),56.8 (2,5-OCH3),35.9 (C-3″),33.4 (C-2″)。以上数据与文献报道一致[7],故鉴定化合物6为4-(3′-羟丙基)-2,6-二甲氧基苯酚-3′-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷。

化合物7:无色针晶(甲醇),mp 184~186 ℃。1H-NMR (500 MHz,C5D5N) δ: 8.14 (1H,s,H-6),7.0 (1H,m,H-1′),5.04 (1H,m,H-3′),4.47 (1H,dd,J = 6.6,3.2 Hz,H-4′),4.22 (1H,dd,J = 11.8,3.4 Hz,H-5′a),4.12 (1H,dd,J = 11.8,3.2 Hz,H-5′b),2.65 (2H,m,H-2′),1.86 (3H,s,-CH3);13C-NMR (125 MHz,C5D5N) δ: 165.3 (C-4),152.3 (C-2),137.0 (C-6),110.8 (C-5),89.2 (C-4′),85.6 (C-1′),71.8 (C-3′),62.6 (C-5′),41.7 (C-2′),13.4 (-CH3)。以上数据与文献报道一致[8],故鉴定化合物7为胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷。

化合物8:白色粉末,mp 195~197 ℃。1H-NMR (600 MHz,C5D5N) δ: 6. 73 (2H,s,H-3,5),6.46 (1H,d,J = 16.0 Hz,H-7),6.34 (1H,dd,J = 16.0,5.0 Hz,H-8),4.10 (2H,t,J = 5.0 Hz,H-9),3.77 (6H,s,2,6-OCH3),4.90 (1H,d,J = 7.5 Hz,H-1′);13C-NMR (150 MHz,C5D5N) δ: 154.2 (C-2),152.7 (C-6),134.2 (C-7),131.5 (C-4),129.6 (C-8),124.2 (C-1),105.4 (C-3,5),105.1 (C-1′),79.2 (C-5′),78.8 (C-3′),76.4 (C-2′),71.8 (C-4′),63.0 (C-6′),62.8 (C-9),56.8 (-OCH3)。以上数据与文献报道基本一致[9],故鉴定化合物8为紫丁香苷。

化合物9:无色粉末(甲醇)。1H-NMR (500 MHz,CD3OD) δ: 6.50 (2H,s,H-3,5),5.95 (1H,m,H-8),5.07 (2H,m,H-9),4.81 (1H,d,J = 8.0 Hz,H-1′),3.82 (1H,dd,J = 12.0,2.0 Hz,H-6′a),3.81 (6H,s,-OMe),3.66 (1H,dd,J = 12.0,5.0 Hz,H-6′b),3.43 (1H,m,H-3′),3.40 (2H,m,H-2′,4′),3.35 (2H,d,J = 7.0 Hz,H-7),3.20 (1H,m,H-5′);13C-NMR (125 MHz,CD3OD) δ: 154.1 (C-2,6),138.6 (C-8),138.4 (C-1),134.6 (C-4),116.2 (C-9),107.5 (C-3,5),105.6 (C-1′),78.3 (C-3′),77.8 (C-5′),75.7 (C-2′),71.3 (C-4′),62.6 (C-6′),57.0 (-OCH3),41.3 (C-7)。以上数据与文献报道一致[10],故鉴定化合物9为4-烯丙基-2,6-二甲氧基苯基葡萄糖苷。

化合物10:无色针晶(甲醇),mp 173~174 ℃;ESI-MS m/z 417 [M-H]-1H-NMR (500 MHz,CD3OD) δ: 7.05 (2H,s,4′,4″-OH),6.70 (4H,s,H-2′,6′,2″,6″),4.68 (2H,d,J = 4.0 Hz,H-2,6),4.22 (2H,dd,J = 9.0,7.0 Hz,H-4a,8a),3.86 (2H,dd,J = 9.0,4.0 Hz,H-4e,8e),3.84 (12H,s,3′,5′,3″,5″-OCH3),3.05~3.14 (2H,m,H-1,5);13C-NMR (125 MHz,CD3OD) δ: 149.3 (C-3′,5′,3″,5″),136.2 (C-4′,4″),133.1 (C-1′,1″),104.6 (C-2′,6′,2″,6″),87.6 (C-2,6),72.8 (C-4,8),56.8 (3′,5′,3″,5″-OCH3),55.5 (C-1,5)。以上数据与文献报道一致[11],故鉴定化合物10为(+)-丁香脂素。

化合物11:淡黄色无定形粉末,ESI-MS m/z: 603 [M+Na]+,418 [M+Na-162]+,其中含1个葡萄糖。1H-NMR (500 MHz,CD3OD) δ: 6.62 (2H,s,H-2,6),6.56 (2H,s,H-2′,6′),4.82 (1H,d,J = 5.6 Hz,H-1″),4.65 (1H,d,J = 3.6 Hz,H-7),4.62 (1H,d,J = 4.4 Hz,H-7′),4.18 (2H,m,H-9′),3.82 (2H,m,H-9),3.75 (6H,s,2×-OCH3),3.66 (1H,dd,J = 12.0,2.4 Hz,H-6″),3.57 (1H,dd,J = 12.0,5.2 Hz,H-6″),3.44 (1H,m,H-2″),3.34 (1H,m,H-3″),3.30 (1H,m,H-4″),3.11 (2H,m,H-8,8′),3.10 (1H,m,H-5″);13C-NMR (125 MHz,CD3OD) δ: 154.4 (C-3′,5),149.3 (C-3,5′),139.5 (C-4),136.2 (C-1),135.6 (C-1′),133.1 (C-4′),105.3 (C-1″),104.8 (C-2′,6′),104.5 (C-2,6),87.5 (C-7′),87.1 (C-7),78.3 (C-5″),77.8 (C-3″),75.7 (C-2″),72.9 (C-9′),72.8 (C-9),71.3 (C-4″),62.6 (C-6″),57.1 (2×-OCH3),56.8 (2×-OCH3),55.7 (C-8),55.5 (C-8′)。以上数据与文献报道一致[12],故鉴定化合物11为丁香脂素-4′-O- β-D-单葡糖苷。

化合物12:黄色无定形粉末,分子式为C15H12O51H-NMR (500 MHz,CD3OD) δ: 7.38 (2H,d,J = 8.3 Hz,H-2′,6′),6.88 (2H,d,J = 8.3 Hz,H-3′,5′),5.96 (2H,s,H-6,8),5.43 (1H,dd,J = 12.8,2.6 Hz,H-2),3.15 (1H,dd,J = 17.1,12.8 Hz,H-3a),2.72 (1H,dd,J = 17.1,2.7 Hz,H-3b);13C-NMR (125 MHz,CD3OD) δ: 197.8 (C-4),168.3 (C-7),165.4 (C-5),164.9 (C-9),159.0 (C-4′),131.0 (C-1′),129.0 (C-2′,6′),116.3 (C-3′,5′),103.4 (C-10),97.1 (C-6),96.2 (C-8),80.4 (C-2),44.0 (C-3)。以上数据与文献报道一致[13],故鉴定化合物12为柚皮素。

化合物13:淡黄色晶体(甲醇),分子式为C7H6O3,mp 214~216 ℃。1H-NMR (500 MHz,CD3OD) δ: 7.94 (2H,d,J = 8.6 Hz,H-2,6),6.94 (2H,d,J = 8.6 Hz,H-3,5);13C-NMR (125 MHz,CD3OD) δ: 169.7 (COOH),163.1 (C-4),132.8 (C-2,6),122.6 (C-1),115.9 (C-3,5)。以上数据与文献报道一致[14],故鉴定化合物13为对羟基苯甲酸。

化合物14:无色针晶(甲醇),mp 153~155 ℃。1H-NMR (500 MHz,CD3OD) δ: 6.98 (2H,d,J = 8.5 Hz,H-2′,6′),6.75 (2H,d,J = 8.5 Hz,H-3′,5′),6.38 (1H,d,J = 8.5 Hz,H-6),6.35 (1H,s,H-2),3.76 (6H,s,2×-OCH3),2.75 (2H,s,H-1a,1′a);13C-NMR (125 MHz,CD3OD) δ: 156.4 (C-4′),149.0 (C-3,5),134.1 (C-1),130.6 (C-4,1′),130.4 (C-2′,6′),116.0 (C-3′,5′),106.9 (C-2,6),56.7 (2×-OCH3),39.5 (C-1a),38.4 (C-1′a)。以上数据与文献报道基本一致[15],故鉴定化合物14为4,4′-二羟基-3,5-二甲氧基联苄。

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