Volume 12,Issue 2,2020 Table of Contents

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  • 1  Traditional Chinese medicine contributes to the treatment of COVID-19 patients
    Liang Liu
    2020, 12(2).
    [Abstract](239) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](0)
    Abstract:
    Since December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 infection has worldwide affected thousands of people and is life-threatening to patients who progress to the severe/critical condition, especially in the elderly. Governments and scientists all over the world are urging for new treatment measures to combat this world epidemic. Ever since the start, most agreements on the measures against COVID-19 rely on early RT-PCR diagnosis, proper quarantine, and vaccination; while treatment strategies rely on the use of multiple anti-viral drugs and cytokine inhibitors. However, when facing of this pandemic, it takes time to develop specific drugs and vaccines. To save life, it is indeed necessary to use the existing experience and knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Historically, there have been not less documents recorded in the classical TCM literatures about the use of TCM to treat epidemics. In ancient times, there was no Western medicine, while TCM was used on the main historical infectious disease battlefields. Many TCM formulas and products have been widely application in treating infectious and non-infectious diseases. The accumulated clinical experiences and effective prescriptions are believed to be used effectively today. In this urgent period, TCM should be taken into reference as a treatment option because most patients are still suffering. Importantly, there are also academically skilled TCM experts in China who have rich clinical experiences and can properly treat the novel coronavirus pneumonia to achieve curative outcomes. In this issue of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Professor Chang-xiao Liu, the academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering and Editor-in-Chief of this journal, provides his wonderful insights on the outbreak and characteristics of COVID-19 to us, as well as particularly highlights all advantages of the therapeutic TCM principles and formulas for treating this new coronavirus epidemic. His insightful views are able to guide us to use TCM properly to fight this century virus. Since the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infection, Chinese Government initiated a policy that the COVID-19 patients should be treated with integrated Chinese and Western medicine because it is believed that such integrative approach would achieve better objective curative effects than that of using any one mono medicine alone. According to the news reports in China, TCM treatment has been applied in over 90% of COVID-19 patients, and some Chinese herbal formulas showed significant potencies of relieving patients’ symptoms, shorting the time of fiver and reducing the cases being conversed from the mild cases into the severe and even the critical ill. The drug action mechanisms of TCM are basically both similar and different from the conventional medicine. For the similarity, although COVID-19 is a new infectious disease, there have been reports to show that certain chemical components contained in a Chinese herbal formula are actually targeting on the pathological and molecular targets of COVID-19 to produce therapeutic effects, such as 3CL Pro, ACE2 and IL6 etc. On the contrary, the curative effects of Chinese herbal formula sometimes are not necessarily by directly inhibiting or killing the virus, but through the integration of various aspects such as relieving cytokines storm syndrome, protecting human tissues and organs, relieving immunological injury and enhancing the body's ability. With quick development of research programs on this new infection, we believe that solid scientific data would be provided to support widely application of TCM against this epidemic. For further implantation of TCM treatment on the novel coronavirus pneumonia worldwide, we would suggest that "full coverage" and "full process" should be ensured in treating COVID-19 patients, together with highly quality assurance of TCM intervention throughout the process. Especially, TCM must be prescribed early, and the sooner the better, so as to prevent the disease from progressing to a serious condition. However, for the severe and critical cases, incorporating TCM into conventional treatment methods are also recommended so as to generate synergistic effect by the combinational therapy of Chinese and Western medicine. Moreover, TCM is able to play very important roles in rehabilitation of COVID-19 patients. Although some patients have reached discharge standard such as negative viral load and relief of observable syndromes, the patients are usually still suffered from the syndrome of qi and yin deficiency or other clinical symptoms and pathological alterations like pulmonary fibrosis and multiple organ functional destruction after immunological injury, which may not be completely resolved during their hospitalization. All these above manifestations, we may call them as a “Post-COVID-19 Syndrome” which is indeed needed for further treatment after discharge; while TCM is an indispensable method that should be promoted to use in such a stage of COVID-19 patients. In the near future, we should further perform comprehensive drug screening based on the reported anti-viral molecular targets with our existing TCM chemical database, as well as the existing marketed drugs. Because scientific data of TCM treatment have not yet been solicited enough, more efforts should be made to expand deeply research on TCM for treating COVID-19 patients. And, we hope that we can enforce the contribution of the TCM treasure box together with modern technological investigation to combat the SARS-CoV-2 infection powerfully, together with internationals.
    2  Pay attention to situation of SARS-CoV-2 and TCM advantages in treatment of novel coronavirus infection
    Chang-xiao Liua b c
    2020, 12(2).
    [Abstract](480) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](0)
    Abstract:
    Since the outbreak of the new coronavirus epidemic, novel coronavirus has infected nearly 100,000 people in more than 110 countries. How to face this new coronavirus epidemic outbreak is an important issue. Basic reproduction number (R0) is an important parameter in epidemiology; The basic reproduction number of an infection can be thought of as the expected number of cases directly generated by one case in a population where all individuals are susceptible to infection. Epidemiology dynamics is a mathematical model based on a susceptibility-infection-recovery epidemic model. Researchers analyzed the epidemiological benefits of different transmission rates for the establishment of effective strategy in prevention and control strategies for epidemic infectious diseases. In this review, the early use of TCM for light and ordinary patients, can rapidly improve symptoms, shorten hospitalization days and reduce severe cases transformed from light and normal. Many TCM formulas and products have wide application in treating infectious and non-infectious diseases. The TCM theoretical system of treating epidemic diseases with TCM and the treatment scheme of integrated Chinese and Western medicine have proved their effectiveness in clinical practice. TCM can cure COVID-19 pneumonia, and also shows that the role of TCM in blocking the progress of COVID-19 pneumonia.
    3  Pharmaceutical resource discovery from traditional medicinal plants: Pharmacophylogeny and pharmacophylogenomics
    Da-cheng Hao Pei-gen Xiao b
    2020, 12(2).
    [Abstract](597) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](0)
    Abstract:
    The worldwide botanical and medicinal culture diversity are astonishing and constitute a Pierian spring for innovative drug R&D. Here, the latest awareness and the perspectives of pharmacophylogeny and pharmacophylogenomics, as well as their expanding utility in botanical drug R&D, are systematically summarized and highlighted. Chemotaxonomy is based on the fact that closely related plants contain the same or similar chemical profiles. Correspondingly, it is better to combine morphological characters, DNA markers and chemical markers in the inference of medicinal plant phylogeny. Medicinal plants within the same phylogenetic groups may have the same or similar therapeutic effects, thus forming the core of pharmacophylogeny. Here we systematically review and comment on the versatile applications of pharmacophylogeny in 1) looking for domestic resources of imported drugs, 2) expanding medicinal plant resources, 3) quality control, identification and expansion of herbal medicines, 4) predicting the chemical constituents or active ingredients of herbal medicine and assisting in the identification and determination of chemical constituents, 5) the search for new drugs sorting out, and 6) summarizing and improving herbal medicine experiences, etc. Such studies should be enhanced within the context of deeper investigations of molecular biology and genomics of traditional medicinal plants, phytometabolites and metabolomics, and ethnomedicine-based pharmacological activity, thus enabling the sustainable conservation and utilization of traditional?medicinal resources.
    4  Immunomodulatory effects and structure-activity relationship of botanical pentacyclic triterpenes: A review
    Nurul Hikmah Haruna b Abdi Wira Septamac Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmada Rapeah Suppiana
    2020, 12(2).
    [Abstract](238) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](0)
    Abstract:
    Botanical pentacyclic triterpenes possessed a broad range of pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-in?ammatory. It is believed that the mechanisms involved in these bioactivities are due to the modulation of immune system. Recently, the pharmacological validation on immunomodulatory of pentacyclic triterpenes derived from higher plants is very limited and several existence review papers related for this group of compound have not been focused for this activity. In this review, we have highlighted several studies on immunomodulatory potential of botanical pentacyclic triterpenes isolated from wide array of different species of medicinal plants and herbs based on various preclinical in vitro and animal models. This review also attempts to discuss on bioactivities of this compound related with their structure-activity relationship. Hence, the evaluation of this botanical pentacyclic triterpenes offers a great opportunity to discover adjuvants and novel therapeutic agents that presented beneficial immunomodulatory properties.
    5  Critical process parameter identification of manufacturing processes of Astragali Radix extract with a weighted determination coefficient method
    Min-fei Sun Jing-yi Yang Wen Cao Jing-yuan Shao Guo-xiang Wang Hai-bin Qu Wen-hua Huang Xing-chu Gong
    2020, 12(2).
    [Abstract](585) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](0)
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    Objective: Critical process parameters (CPPs) identification is an important step of the implementation of quality by design (QbD) concept. There are many CPP identification methods, such as risk analysis method, sensitivity analysis method, multiple linear regression method, standard partial regression coefficient (SPRC) method, and so on. The SPRC method can consider multiple process critical quality attributes (CQAs) simultaneously, but the determination of CPP number is subjective. Therefore, new CPP identification method is still required. Methods: The manufacturing process of Astragali Radix extract, which contained water reflux extraction, concentration, and ethanol precipitation, was used as an example. First, the multiple process CQAs were determined to be the yield of pigment, dry matter, sugars, and active ingredients. Second, the potential CPPs were determined by a knowledge organization method. Plackett-Burman designed experiments were then performed. A weighted determination coefficient () method was presented to identify CPPs. In this method, the importance of different CQAs was considered. Process parameters were removed one-by-one according to their importance index. The decrease in was used to characterize the importance of the removed parameter. If the decrease of was less than a preset threshold, the removed parameter was not a CPP. Results: During the manufacturing process of Astragali Radix extract, the potential CPPs determined by the knowledge organization method were water consumption, reflux extraction time, extraction frequency, ethanol content, ethanol consumption, and concentration endpoint. Reflux extraction time, the first ethanol consumption, the second ethanol consumption, and the second ethanol precipitation refrigeration temperature were found to be CPPs using the weighted determination coefficient method with the threshold of 10%. Conclusion: Using the weighted determination coefficient method, CPPs can be determined with all the CQAs considered based on their importance. The determination of CPP number is more objective compared with the SPRC method.
    6  Mining lycodine-type alkaloid biosynthetic genes and genetic markers from transcriptome of Lycopodiastrum casuarinoides
    Gang Chena b Qiu-mei Lina Lin Zenga Yi-ping Zoua
    2020, 12(2).
    [Abstract](168) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](0)
    Abstract:
    7  Role of semi-purified andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata extract as nano-phytovesicular carrier for enhancing oral absorption and hypoglycemic activity
    Verma Vinoda b Zaman Md.a Verma Shekharc Verma Santosh Kumar d e Sarwa Khomendra f
    2020, 12(2).
    [Abstract](108) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](0)
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    8  Alhagi maurorum aqueous extract protects against norfloxacin-induced hepato-nephrotoxicity in rats
    Hesham A. Khalifa Shimaa I. Shalaby Ahmed S. Abdelaziz
    2020, 12(2).
    [Abstract](496) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](0)
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    Objectives: While the protective effects of Alhagi maurorum have been shown against various ailments, its role against norfloxacin-induced adverse effects has not been studied. The current study was conducted to determine the effect of A. maurorum aqueous extract against norfloxacin-induced side effects in rats. Methods: Twenty four male albino rats were randomly assigned into four groups, which received normal saline, norfloxacin (50 mg/kg b.wt orally once a day), A. maurorum aqueous extract (300 mg/kg b.wt orally once a day), and norfloxacin with A. maurorum aqueous extract by the same previous mentioned dosages. Blood samples were collected for hematological examination to evaluate liver and kidney function tests. Hepatic and renal tissue samples were obtained to assess antioxidant activity and histopathological examination. Results: A. maurorum aqueous extract significantly ameliorated norfloxacin-induced elevation in tissue malondialdehyde, and reduction in tissue antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities as well as reduced glutathione concentration. Concurrent administration of A. maurorum aqueous extract with norfloxacin significantly reduced serum alkaline phosphatase, aminotransferases, urea, creatinine, and uric acid and increased RBCs count, Hb concentration, PCV, leucocyte, and monocyte counts compared with the norfloxacin-treated group. Co-administration of A. maurorum aqueous extract with norfloxacin prevented the degenerative changes induced by norfloxacin alone in liver and kidney tissues. The phytochemical profile of the extract showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenolics, and flavonoids. Conclusion: These findings indicated that A. maurorum possesses potent antioxidant activities and could be used to attenuate norfloxacin-induced side effects.
    9  Methanol extract of Basella alba leaves alleviate stress in rats
    Olubayode Bamidele a Nkiruka Chisom Okeke a Temitope Gabriel Adedeji a b Lawrence Dayo Adedayo a Akinjide Moses Akinnuga c
    2020, 12(2).
    [Abstract](579) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](0)
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    Objective: Stress is becoming an unavoidable threat in recent times, there has been increasing interest by researchers in the use of naturally occurring biologically active compounds with medicinal value to cure body ailments. The present work was carried out to investigate the effect of methanol extract of Basella alba leaves on stress in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Methods: A total of 35 male rats were used in this study. They were grouped into seven groups of 5 rats each. Group 1 (normal control) was received 10 mL/kg normal saline. Group 2 contained restraint stress rats only. Group 3 contained forced swim stress rats only. Group 4 and 5 were treated with 60 mg/kg of B. alba extract (BAE) thereafter subjected to restraint and forced swim stresses respectively. Group 6 and 7 were treated with 120 mg/kg of BAE thereafter subjected to restraint and forced swim stresses respectively. Stress procedures were carried out at the end of first and third weeks. Results: In the stressed rats, there were significant increases (P < 0.05) in fasting blood glucose and white blood cell count while there were significant decreases in superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione concentration when compared to group 1. There were significant decreases (P < 0.05) in blood glucose and white blood cell count and significant increases in superoxide dismutase and glutathione concentrations in BAE treated rats when compared to group 2 and 3. Some of the significant differences were either dose or duration dependent. Conclusion: In conclusion, results from this research suggest that BAE alleviates hyperglycaemia, chronic activation of immune system and generation of free radicals due to stress in Wistar rats.
    10  Effect of Vigna radiata, Tamarix ramosissima and Carthamus lanatus extracts on Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica: An in vitro study
    Alisha Akya a Roya Chegene Lorestani a Hossein Zhaleh b Fatemeh Nemati Zargaran a Keyghobad Ghadiri a Mosayeb Rostamian a
    2020, 12(2).
    [Abstract](116) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](0)
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    Objective: Current therapy strategies of leishmaniasis have some problems such as high cost, toxicity and side effects. Plant extracts can be a source of drugs to control leishmaniasis. In this study, the effect of hydroalcoholic and chloroformic extracts of Vigna radiata, Tamarix ramosissima, and Carthamus lanatus on Leishmania major and L. tropica was studied. Methods: The plant samples were collected from west of Iran and their extracts were prepared. Anti-promastigote activity assay of all extracts was done using tetrazolium-dye assay. Results: Only high concentrations of V. radiata and C. lanatus were able to inhibit Leishmania, while both high and low concentrations of T. ramosissima had antileishmanial effect. No difference was observed between hydroalcoholic with chloroformic extract of each plant. Conclusion: Altogether, the results revealed the antileishmanial activity of T. ramosissima extracts against L. major and L. tropica, indicating its potential as an antileishmanial agent.
    11  Human pulp tissue dissolution ability of different extracts of Sapindus mukorossi: An in vitro study
    ?znur Gü?lüer a Esin Akarsu b Emre Yavuz b Kür?at Er a Alper Ku?tarc? a
    2020, 12(2).
    [Abstract](509) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](0)
    Abstract:
    Objective: Due to the many negative properties of sodium hypochlorite used in current root canal treatment, interest in biocompatible natural agents is increasing day by day. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether various extract solutions of Sapindus mukorossi have dissolution effects on human pulp tissues. Methods: Primarily powder extracts were obtained by extracting fruit shells of S. mukorossi in different solvents (ethanol, methanol, buthanol and distilled water). The test solutions were prepared and randomly separated into six groups with 10 samples in each group: ethanol extract, methanol extract, butanol extract, distilled water extract of S. mukorossi, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and the control group. Among these, S. mukorossi extracts were separated into two subgroups, depending on their concentration level (50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL). The pulp tissues of freshly extracted human molars were used for dissolution test. The weights of the pulpal tissues were measured and recorded for two times after the samples were placed in the solutions. Statistical analysis for all descriptive statistics was performed using SPSS 22 (P < 0.05). Results: Our results showed that maximum percent yield of preparation was obtained in methanol extract of S. mukorossi. Among all of the groups, the best dissolution capacity was seen in the NaOCl group (positive control group). Among S. mukorossi groups, the best tissue solvent solution was found in SMM group at 50 μg/mL and SMB group at 100 μg/mL. Conclusion: The different extracts of S. mukorossi had a capacity to dissolve pulp tissue but this capacity was less than NaOCl. Therefore, further studies will enable the creation of a commercial solution for clinical use by increasing the effectiveness of S. mukorossi while combining it with other endodontic irrigation solutions.
    12  Two new terpenoids from Reduning Injection
    Hai-bo Li a b Biao Yang a b Wen Ge c Ze-yu Cao a b Liang Cao a b Yang Yu d Zhen-zhong Wang a b Xin-sheng Yao d Wei Xiao a b
    2020, 12(2).
    [Abstract](320) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](0)
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    Objective To study the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory constituents from the active fraction of Reduning (RDN) Injection. Methods In this study, the active fraction of RDN injection was screened by the LPS-induced mouse endotoxin shock model. The chemical constituents were isolated by chromatography on HP-20 macroporous adsorptive resins, silica gel, ODS columns and reverse phase MPLC and HPLC repeatedly, and their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic analysis (HR-ESI-MS, NMR, ECD) and chemical methods. Meanwhile, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activities of the isolates by measuring their inhibitory effects on TNF-α production in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Results The 95% ethanol eluate of RDN injection by the macroporous adsorption resin column was proved to be the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory active fraction of this injection. A novel iridoid, named jasminoide A (1), and a new guaiane sesquiterpenoid, named (1R,7R,8S,10R)-7,8,11-trihydroxy-4-guaien-3-one (2), were isolated from Reduning injection, and compound 2 can inhibit TNF-α production with IC50 values of 72.24 μmol/L. Conclusion In this study, Two new terpenoids were isolated from Reduning injection, and compound 2 showed inhibitory activity against LPS-activated TNF-α production in RAW 264.7 cells in vitro.
    13  A new strategy based on acid-alkali complexation for rapidly and accurately fishing phytochemicals in Sennae Folium
    Xue-hao Tian a Hao Zhang a Shen Wang b Tong Li a Xue-mei Huang a Meng-meng Yan a Xiao-fei Cao a Bing Xu a Peng-long Wang a Hai-min Lei a
    2020, 12(2).
    [Abstract](494) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](0)
    Abstract:
    Objective: There are some anthracenone, anthraquinones and flavonones in Sennae Folium which exhibited significant acidity, such as sennoside A/B and sennoside C/D. The current strategy used in separating these components are mainly based on conventional column chromatography which is time consuming, laborious and costly. This study is aimed at exploring a method of precipitation extraction of acid components in Sennae Folium. Using alkaloid as a “hook”, it is reasonable to use the principle of “acid-alkali complexation” to "fish" the acidic components in Sennae Folium. Methods: Isothermal titration calorimeter (ITC) was used to measure the extraction efficiency of different alkaloids. Then, alkaloid determined by ITC was mixed with extracting solution of Sennae Folium to form complex. High performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS2) was used to investigate the ingredients “fished” by berberine (Ber). The mechanism of “fishing” process was explained by ITC, optical activity, fluorescence spectrometry and scanning electron microscope. Results: The ITC results proved that the choice of “hook” was particularly important in the process of “fishing”. Among the hooks, the fishing efficiency of the isoquinoline alkaloids (Ber) was the highest, reaching 10.3%. Nine ingredients were detected and determined by HPLC-MS2, and the main components were sennoside A/B and sennoside C/D. Based on ITC test of Ber and sennoside A, the combination mechanism of the two ingredients was a chemical reaction with a nearly binding ratio (2:1). Fluorescence and optical properties of the active ingredients were changed after complexation. By scanning electron microscope, we found that two types of components had obviously self-assembled behavior during the formation process. Conclusion: Ber successfully “fished” the main acidic components, sennoside A/B and sennoside C/D, from Sennae Folium. Combined with different characterizations, the “fishing” process was determined as a chemical association reaction induced by electrostatic interaction or π-π stacking. Therefore, with special identification ability, the “fishing” process had the potential of practical application.
    14  Chemical constituents from acid hydrolyzates of Panax quinquefolius total saponins and their inhibition activity to α-glycosidase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B
    Si-wen Hana Sheng-ming Shib Yu-xiao Zoua Zhi-cheng Wangc Yan-qun Wanga d Lin Shia d Ting-cai Yan a
    2020, 12(2).
    [Abstract](537) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](0)
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    Objective To investigate the hypoglycemic components from the acid hydrolyzates of Panax quinquefolius total saponins,and screen the active compounds by in vitro inhibitory activities to α-glycosidase enzymes and protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B). Methods The hydrolyzates were chromatographed repeatedly over silica gel column, and the structures of the compounds were determined by means of NMR. The in vitro bioassay was performed through the inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase or/and PTP1B. Results Eight compounds were isolated, which identified as 20(S)-panaxadiol (1), (20S,24R)-dammarane-20,24-epoxy-3β,6α,12β,25-tetraol (2), 20(R)-dammarane-3β,12β,20,25-tetraol (3), 20(S)-dammarane-3β,6α,12β,20,25-pentol (4), 20(R)-dammarane-3β,12β,20,25-tetrahydroxy-3β-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), β-sitosterol (6), oleanolic acid (7) and 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (8). Compound 5 was ginseng triterpenoid isolated from the acid hydrolysates of total saponins from P. quinquefolius for the first time. In this paper, the possible in vitro inhibitory activities were investigated. Compound 5 exhibited significantly inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase, and the IC50 value [(0.22 ± 0.21) μmol/L] was about 43-fold lower than positive control. For the PTP1B inhibition assay, compound 5 indicated the strongest inhibitory effect with IC50 of (5.91 ± 0.38) μmol/L, followed by compound 4 with IC50 of (6.21 ± 0.21) μmol/L, which were all showed competitive inhibitory pattern by using a Lineweaver-Burk plot. Conclusion These results supported the potential application of dammaranes from acid hydrolyzates of P. quinquefolius total saponins can be used as ingredients of ancillary anti-diabetic agent or functional factor.
    15  A validated HPTLC method for quantitative analysis of morin in Maclura cochinchinensis heartwood
    Savita Chewchindaa Sumet Kongkiatpaiboonb
    2020, 12(2).
    [Abstract](412) [HTML](0) [PDF 0.00 Byte](0)
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    Objective: The study was conducted to develop and validate a high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)-densitometric method for the quantitative analysis of morin in Maclura cochinchinensis heartwood collected from different locations in Thailand. Methods: HPTLC analysis was performed on an aluminium sheet of silica gel 60 F254 using toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (36:12:7, volume percent) as a mobile phase. The densitometric scanning was performed at the wavelength 410 nm. HPTLC method was validated according to ICH guideline. Results: The proposed HPTLC method showed acceptable validation parameters. The content of morin in M. cochinchinensis heartwood collected from eight different provinces in Thailand were in the ranges of 1.53%?2.73%. Conclusion: The simple and sensitive HPTLC method was successfully developed and validated for determination of morin in M. cochinchinensis heartwood. The proposed HPTLC method was found to be simple, fast and inexpensive, and can be used for the routine quality control of raw materials.

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