Volume 5,Issue 3,2013 Table of Contents

1 Pharmacophylogenetic Study on Plants of Genus Salvia L. from China

LI Min-hui , LI Qian-quan , LIU Yan-ze , CUI Zhan-hu , ZHANG Na , HUANG Lu-qi , XIAO Pei-gen

2013, 5(3):164-181. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6348.2013.03.001

[Abstract](1119) [HTML](0) [PDF 301.33 K](4226)

Abstract:
In China, many species of genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) are important medicinal plants with a long history. Due to their marked ethnopharmacological uses in folk medicine and a large number of active constituents with therapeutic potential found recently, they have become a rich source for new drug discovery, mechanism research, and biological experiment. All medicinal plants of Salvia L. could be divided into three groups (Groups 1, 2, and 3). The plants in Group 1 were used as “Danshen” and are rich in diterpenoids and caffeic acid derivatives. Few introduced plants in Group 2 from America or Europe have been used to clear body-heat and toxins. Abietane diterpenes of medicinal species in Group 3 (the species are from Subg. Allagospadonopsis Briq., Sect. Plethiosphace, or Sect. Notiosphace) are absent, and the contents of caffeic acid derivatives are considerably lower than those in plants of Group 1.

2 Cloning and Expression Analysis on 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A Reductase from Aquilaria sinensis

XU Yan-hong , YANG Xin , WEI Jian-he , ZHANG Xing-li , ZHANG Zheng , GAO Zhi-hui , SUI Chun

2013, 5(3):182-188. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6348.2013.03.002

[Abstract](697) [HTML](0) [PDF 361.78 K](2112)

Abstract:
Objective To clone the full-length cDNA of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) from Aquilaria sinensis (AsHMGR1) and to analyze its expression profile in different tissues and in response to different treatments. HMGR is the first rate-limiting enzyme for sesquiterpene synthesis in the mevalonate pathway. Methods RT-PCR and RACE were used to clone the full-length cDNA of HMGR from A. sinensis based on the conserved HMGR gene fragments. The bioinformatic analysis was performed on its nucleic acid and protein sequence. The expression profile of AsHMGR1 in different tissues and in response to different treatments was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. Results The full-length AsHMGR1 cDNA was 2026 bp, containing a 1719 bp open reading frame which encoded a protein of 572 amino acids. Amino acid sequence homology alignment and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that AsHMGR1 belonged to the HMGR gene family. The detection of tissue expression patterns showed that AsHMGR1 was mainly expressed in the stem, followed by roots and branches. AsHMGR1 could be stimulated by methyl jasmonate and H2O2 to varying degrees in a time-dependent manner. Conclusion These data will provide a foundation for further investigation on AsHMGR1 functions and regulatory mechanisms in sesquiterpene synthesis in A. sinensis.

3 Toxicity of Danshen Injection in Beagle’s Dogs by Repeated iv Injection

CHENG Jian-ming , WANG Meng , LIU Jing , ZHU Li-ping , XU Rui , TAO Li , QIAO Yan , SHEN Jiao , BAI Wen-xia , MEI Sheng-yao , SUN Bao-hai

2013, 5(3):189-198. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6348.2013.03.003

[Abstract](862) [HTML](0) [PDF 180.38 K](2265)

Abstract:
Objective To re-evaluate the potential toxicity of Danshen Injection (DI) in Beagle’s dogs by repeated iv injection. Methods DI was iv given to the dogs at the doses of 0, 1.6, 5.4, and 16.0 g/(kg·d) (4 per sex per group) for 13 weeks. During the test period, the clinical signs, mortality, body weights, food consumption, rectal temperature, ophthalmoscopy, electrocardiography, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, organ weights, gross findings, and histopathology were examined. Results Dogs iv given with DI at the doses of 0, 1.6, 5.4, and 16.0 g/(kg·d) for 13 weeks had no drug-related changes in mortality, body weight, food consumption, temperature, electrocardio- graphy, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis parameters, and organ weights. The hematological parameter data showed a significant decrease in red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration in the high-dose group and a significant increase in activated partial thromboplastin time suggesting an effect on haemopoiesis. For biochemical parameters, a significant decrease in glucose and a significant increase in total bilirubin were observed in the high-dose group, and the latter was considered to be toxicologically insignificant as lack of histopathological correlate. However, the histopathological examinations of the injection site showed that DI could cause dose-dependent focal inflammation. Conclusion That the iv injection with DI into dogs at 16 g/(kg·d) for 13 weeks could cause the decreases in red blood cell parameters and glucose, as well as the lesions of the injection site. The no observed adverse effect level is 5.4 g/(kg·d), which suggests that safe clinical dosing be possible.

4 Prevention of Cistanche salsa Extract on Hepatic Fibrosis Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats

YANG Feng-rui , WEN Du-su , FANG Bu-wu , LOU Jian-shi , MENG Lin

2013, 5(3):199-204. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6348.2013.03.004

[Abstract](1163) [HTML](0) [PDF 436.73 K](2106)

Abstract:
Objective To explore the antifibrotic effect of echinacoside on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Methods Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control (n = 8), model (n = 14), and echinacoside treatment (n = 14) groups. The hepatic fibrosis model was induced by CCl4 compositor. The rats were ig administered with echinacoside at a daily dose of 50 mg/kg. The anti-oxidant status, liver function parameters, and hepatic hydroxyproline content were detected by chromatometry. The serum levels of hyaluronic acid (HA), type IV collagen (CIV), type III precollagen (PIIIP), and laminin (LN) were assayed with radioimmunoassay. The hpatic injury was detected by haematoxylin-eosine staining. The deposition of collagen was observed with Masson staining. Results Echinacoside increased the superoxide dismutase activity and reduced the levels of malondialdehyde, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, HA, CIV, PIIIP, and LN in serum. Echinacoside could also reduce the hydroxyproline content in liver, alleviate hepatic injury, and inhibit collagen deposition. Conclusion Echinacoside possesses antihepatic fibrosis effect.

5 Protection of Citrullus colocynthis Fruit Extracts on Carbon Tetrachloride-induced and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus Lipopolysaccharide-induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice

YANG Wei-jun , GU Zheng-yi , TURSUN Dilnur , CHEN Bo , HASIMU Hamulati , LIU Chong , HE Jiang , XU Lei , MAO Yan

2013, 5(3):205-211. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6348.2013.03.005

[Abstract](1259) [HTML](0) [PDF 512.16 K](2163)

Abstract:
Objective To investigate the hepatoprotective activities of the extracts from Citrullus colocynthis (ECC), a native plant used as traditional Uigur Medicine on acute liver injury in mice. Methods The activities of ECC of petroleum ether (ECCPE), chloroform (ECCC), ethyl acetate (ECCEA), n-butyl alcohol (ECCBA), and water (ECCW) were evaluated in vivo using two experimental models, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)- and bacillus calmette-guerin (BCG) plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice. The contents of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum were determined and the liver histological examination was carried out, respectively. Results The pretreatment with ECC for 7 d obviously reduced the impact of CCl4 toxicity on the serum markers of liver damage, ECCEA and ECCC with a significant difference of AST (P < 0.01, 0.05, respectively) and ALT (P < 0.05, 0.01, respectively). The protective activity was reconfirmed against BCG + LPS-induced injury and the serum enzymatic levels were obviously elevated, for ECCEA and ECCC with a significant difference of AST (P < 0.05, 0.01, respectively) and ALT (P < 0.01, 0.05, respectively). Conclusion That ECCEA and ECCC are the potent hepatoprotective extracts that could protect liver against the acute injury, and this ability might be attributed to their hepatoprotective potentials.

6 Simultaneous Determination of Eight Bioactive Constituents in Shensong Yangxin Capsule by UPLC

JIANG Xin-gang , JIA Ji-ming , LI Ye-shuang

2013, 5(3):212-216. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6348.2013.03.006

[Abstract](1141) [HTML](0) [PDF 206.49 K](1975)

Abstract:
Objective To develop a ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method for the quality evaluation of Shensong Yangxin Capsule (SYC). Methods The Waters Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) was used. Acetonitrile and water containing 0.1% phosphoric acid were used as mobile phases of UPLC with gradient elution. The detection wavelengths were set at 203 (ginsenoside Rb1), 286 (salvianolic acid B), 230 (paeoniflorin), 221 (schisantherin A), 280 (sodium danshensu), 327 (chlorognenic acid), 335 (spinosin), and 345 nm (berberine hydrochloride), respectively. The flow rate was set at 0.4 mL/min and column temperature was 35 ℃. Results The contents of paeoniflorin, salvianolic acid B, schisantherin A, sodium danshensu, chlorognenic acid, spinosin, berberine hydrochloride, and ginsenoside Rb1 were determined from 10 batches of SYC. Conclusion The method of the quality evaluation of SYC has acceptable precision, reproducibility, and stability, which could be used as a new method for the quality control of SYC.

7 Optimization for Preparation of Lemon-catalyzed Ginsenoside Rg3 by Response Surface Method

SUN Cheng-peng , GAO Wei-ping , ZHAO Bao-zhong , CHENG Le-qin

2013, 5(3):217-223. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6348.2013.03.007

[Abstract](1204) [HTML](0) [PDF 224.90 K](1894)

Abstract:
Objective Ginsenoside Rg3 was prepared by converting protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type saponins using lemon juice as the catalyst. Methods Preparation of ginsenoside Rg3 was optimized by response surface method (RSM) based on a four-factor and five-level central composite design. Results The optimal yield of ginsenoside Rg3 was predicted to be 75.98% in the combination of the factors (PPD-type saponins concentration of 23.6 mg/mL, lemon juice concentration of 97.6% at 85.7 ℃ for 130.0 min) through the canonical analysis and ridge analysis with maximum responses. Under the optimum conditions, the actual yield of ginsenoside Rg3 was 75.57%. Conclusion RSM is effective to optimize the preparation of ginsenoside Rg3 by lemon-catalyzed PPD-type saponins. The achievement for the preparation of ginsenoside Rg3 would promote the development of health-care production.

8 A Rapid and Effective HPLC Method for Identification of Bovis Calculus in Chinese Patent Medicines

XIA Jing , XIA Li , WANG Wei-yi , SHA Yi-wei , WANG Ke , JI Shen

2013, 5(3):224-233. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6348.2013.03.008

[Abstract](1123) [HTML](0) [PDF 258.16 K](2845)

Abstract:
Objective Due to the limited resource and the large demand, many kinds of Bovis Calculus (BC) including artificial Bovis Calculus (ABC), in vivo cultured Bovis Calculus (in vivo CBC), and in vitro cultured Bovis Calculus (in vitro CBC) were used in Chinese patent medicines (CPMs). Previous studies have shown that the chemical constituents of ABC and their properties were different from other BC. The two types of CBC with much higher price than ABC were approximately equivalent with natural Bovis Calculus in quality and clinical effect. The aim of the study is to establish a rapid and effective method for the identification of BC in CPMs. Methods An HPLC method with the higher specificity for analyzing bilirubin was established to distinguish ABC from other three kinds of BC by comparing the change of bilirubin content with the addition of EDTA-2Na as the extraction solvent and stabilizer. Results The bilirubin content in CPMs containing ABC was basically unchanged, while that in CPMs containing other kinds of BC showed significant difference. The proposed method was employed to analyze a variety of CPMs containing Bovis Calculus (CPMBCs) and proven to be universal. Conclusion An effective analytical method is established for the quality control of CPMBCs and further ensures the safety and efficacy of these drugs in clinical practice.

9 A New Cucurbitane Triterpene in Acid-treated Ethanol Extract from Momordica charantia

CAO Jia-qing , ZHANG Bo-yu , ZHAO Yu-qing

2013, 5(3):234-236. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6348.2013.03.009

[Abstract](1079) [HTML](0) [PDF 162.81 K](2056)

Abstract:
Objective To study the chemical constituents in the acid-hydrolyzed ethanol extract from Momordica charantia. Methods The ethanol extract from M. charantia was hydrolyzed by 36% HCl and the hydrolysate was isolated by silica gel column chromatography and preparative HPLC. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by spectral analyses, physical constants, and chemical evidences. Results Two cucurbitane triterpenoids were isolated and identified as 5β,19-epoxy-cucurbita-6,22E,24-trien-3β-ol (1) and cucurbita-6,22(E),24-trien-3β-ol- 19,5β-olide (2). Conclusion Compound 1 is a new compound.

10 A New Secoiridoid Glycoside from Roots of Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora

ZHU Tong-fei , JIANG Ke , YAN Zhi-hui , HU Juan-juan , ZOU Lian-chun , WANG Da-cheng , DENG Xu-ming

2013, 5(3):237-239. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6348.2013.03.010

[Abstract](1179) [HTML](0) [PDF 261.64 K](2443)

Abstract:
Objective To study the chemical constituents in the roots of Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora. Methods The chemical constituents in the roots of P. scrophulariiflora were separated and purified with chromatographic methods. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and chemical analyses. Results A new secoiridoid glycoside, picrogentioside II (1) was successfully isolated from the roots of P. scrophulariiflora. Conclusion Compound 1 is a new secoiridoid glycoside.

11 Phenolic Compounds from Roots of Imperata cylindrica var. major

LIU Rong-hua , CHEN Shi-sheng , REN Gang , SHAO Feng , HUANG Hui-lian

2013, 5(3):240-243. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6348.2013.03.011

[Abstract](1565) [HTML](0) [PDF 179.11 K](2962)

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Objective To study the chemical constituents from the roots of Imperata cylindrica var. major. Methods The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by combination of silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, polyamide, and ODS column chromatography. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by means of spectral data and physicochemical property. Results Twelve phenolic compounds were isolated from I. cylindrica var. major and identified as 4,7-dimethoxy-5-methylcoumarin (1), 7-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-methylcoumarin (2), 7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl- 4-methoxy-5-methylcoumarin (3), 6-hydroxy-5-methoxyflavone (4), 5-methoxyflavone (5), 5,7-dihydroxy-8- methoxyflavone (6), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (7), 4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid (8), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (9), 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (10), impecyloside (11), and graminone A (12). Conclusion Compounds 2—4, 6, and 10 are obtained from this plant for the first time.

Volume 5,Issue 3,2013 Table of Contents

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