Volume 4,Issue 4,2012 Table of Contents

1 Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis with Chinese Herbal Medicines

ZHAO Xiao-ling , FENG Yu-xiong , PENG Yong

2012, 4(4):265-270. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6384.2012.04.001

[Abstract](959) [HTML](0) [PDF 234.12 K](2612)

Abstract:
In this paper, laboratory reports, medication rules, formulating principles, and research methods are summarized and analyzed, including single herb, compound herbs, and the problems in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis (OP) within the past decade. With widely recognized efficacy, satisfying achievements have been achieved in preventing and treating OP with Chinese herbal medicines (CHM). However, due to the complex of constituents, the pharmacological activities and mechanism of CHM are not clear yet, and there is no unified standard on the diagnosis and syndrome differentiation of OP and the efficacy evaluation of CHM in the treatment. Accordingly, the research in the future should focus on the pharmacology and standardization of CHM in treating OP.

2 Research Status of Astragali Radix on Nerve Cells and Nerve System Diseases

LUAN Zeng-qiang , ZHAO Ping-li , CAO Wen-fu

2012, 4(4):271-275. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6384.2012.04.002

[Abstract](951) [HTML](0) [PDF 121.07 K](2423)

Abstract:
Astragali Radix has a wide application in the nerve system diseases because of its obvious nerve cell protection and recovery effects. Astragali Radix has good clinical effects both in acute and chronic cerebrovascular diseases and neurological degenerative diseases. This paper reviews the experimental and clinical research status of Astragali Radix on nerve system and nerve system diseases, which may promote its experimental research and clinical application.

3 Quantitative Metabolomics: Analysis on Active Components in Extracts from Kaki Folium

DAI Li-peng , GU Yuan , YIN Ren-jie , LIU Chang-xiao , SI Duan-yun

2012, 4(4):276-281. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6384.2012.04.003

[Abstract](966) [HTML](0) [PDF 244.48 K](2859)

Abstract:
Objective In order to analyze the active components in the extracts from Kaki Folium (KF), quantitative metabolomics approach was adopted to investigate the number of active components existing among the different extracts and their variation. Methods LC-MS method was established for the quantitative determination of the active components taking the mixture with reference substance as tested sample. Results In terms of the number of active components and amount presented in the different tested samples of KF extracted by many types of solvents, variation was observed. But rutin, astragalin, and kaempferol were presented in all samples. Difference was found between the samples extracted from the products on market and from the raw materials of KF processed by polar solvents with different recipes, however, the three active components were found in all samples examined. Conclusion These results might be valuable as all information could be used for the optimization of raw materials extraction procedure to enhance the productivity.

4 Material Base of in vivo Invigorating Qi and Enriching Blood of Bazhen Decoction by HPLC-ESI-MS

LI Wen-lan , BAI Jing , SUN Zhi , DU Juan , JI Yu-bin

2012, 4(4):282-286. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6384.2012.04.004

[Abstract](1411) [HTML](0) [PDF 192.86 K](2852)

Abstract:
Objective To identify the in vivo metabolized chemical constituents in Bazhen Decoction (BZD) and to study the relationship between Siwu Decoction (SWD) and Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD) with BZD. Methods Analysis and comparison were carried out by HPLC-ESI-MS. Serum samples after ig administration of preparations such as SWD, SJZD, and BZD, with different ingredients were collected for analysis. Results Twenty-two components were detected after ig administration of BZD, and six of them were metabolites and others were original form of the components contained in BZD. The prototype constituents were atractylenolide I, 5-hydroxymethyl-furoic acid (5-HMFA), oxypaeoniflorin, atractylenolide III, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, liquiritin, ferulic acid, ligustilide, and ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1. The metabolized constituents were paeonimetabolin I, glycyrrhetic acid mono- glucuronide, glycyrrhetinic acid, and ginsenosides Rh1 and Rd. Conclusion The results also show that 5-HMFA, oxypaeoniflorin, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, and ligustilide are common components absorbed into blood existing in both BZD and SWD, which are material base of enriching blood; Atractylenolide I, atractylenolide III, and liquiritin are common ingredients absorbed into blood existing in both BZD and SJZD, and they are material base of invigorating Qi. The results provide basic data for the further studies on the effective components, the effecting mechanism, and the quality control of BZD.

5 Protection of Total Flavonoid Fraction from Nervilia fordii on Lipopolysaccharide-induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats

HUANG Ming-qing , XIE You-liang , LAI Xiao-ping , LIN Ling , XU Yin-ji , LU Jin-jian , CHEN Xiu-ping

2012, 4(4):287-293. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6384.2012.04.005

[Abstract](1448) [HTML](0) [PDF 497.94 K](3116)

Abstract:
Objective To investigate the effects of total flavonoid fraction (TFF) from Nervilia fordii on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats, and to explore their protective mechanism. Methods LPS-induced ALI model was established by LPS (5 mg/kg) injection via left cervical vein. Blood samples were collected from the cervical artery of all rats at 5 and 6 h after LPS challenge for arterial blood gas test and cytokines measurements, and pulmonary microvascular permeability (PMP), lung wet/dry weight ratio (W/D), and pathological features were observed. Results Phytochemical study showed that the TFF contained 67.3% of flavonoids expressed in rutin and three flavone glycosides. The TFF pretreatment (6.24 and 12.48 mg/kg) attenuated the partial arterial pressure of oxygen decline in blood significantly, and decreased the PMP and lung W/D ratio in ALI rats. In addition, the TFF (6.24 and 12.48 mg/kg) also ameliorated the LPS-induced lung damages including alveolar edema, neutrophils in?ltration, alveolar hemorrhage, and thickening of the alveolar wall. Furthermore, the treatment with the TFF (6.24 and 12.48 mg/kg) also down-regulated the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and up-regulated the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in serum of ALI rats simultaneously. Conclusion These results suggest that the TFF could protect LPS-induced ALI in rats, which may be mediated, at least in part, by adjusting the production of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, ICAM-1, and IL-10.

6 Study on Hot Property of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata and its Compatibility with Zingiberis Rhizoma Based on Animal Temperature Tropism

SUN Zhi-yong , ZHAO Yan-ling , WANG Jia-bo , LI Rui-sheng , WEI Si-si , JIANG Feng-juan , XIAO Xiao-he

2012, 4(4):294-300. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6384.2012.04.006

[Abstract](1016) [HTML](0) [PDF 217.37 K](2403)

Abstract:
Objective To establish an objective method for evaluating the intrinsic characteristics between hot and cold properties of herbal drugs and to study the hot property of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata (ALRP) and its compatibility with Zingiberis Rhizoma (ZR) on animal temperature tropism. Methods The equipment with cold/hot pads was used to investigate the variety of temperature tropism among mice treated by ALRP and its compatibility with ZR. Meanwhile, the activities of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), total anti-oxidant capability (T-AOC), and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) were measured. Results Compared with the homologous ALRP group, the compatibility between ALRP and ZR (AZ) had a stronger action against the decreasing of remaining rate on hot pad (P < 0.05), suggesting an enhancement of cold tropism. Meanwhile, the internal indexes of Na+-K+-ATPase activity, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity, and oxygen consuming volume increased significantly (P < 0.05), suggesting an enhancement of energy metabolism. The changes of T-AOC and T-SOD activity suggested that AZ reinforced the anti-oxidative capability of mice. In addition, it could be inferred from cluster analysis that the activity of AZ was concretely stronger than that of homologous ALRP. Conclusion ALRP and ZR are both herbs with hot property, but AZ has an enhanced trend of hot property. This external behavior of cold tropism and the internal activity of energy metabolism and anti-oxidant might reflect the internal hot property in an intuitive and objective way. The changes of ATPase activity of liver tissue might be the mechanism of drug action.

7 Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants in Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China

LI Min-hui , LIU Yue , WANG Zhen-wang , CUI Zhan-hu , HUANG Lu-qi , XIAO Pei-gen

2012, 4(4):301-313. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6384.2012.04.007

[Abstract](919) [HTML](0) [PDF 220.04 K](3518)

Abstract:
Objective To document the knowledge and the use of indigenous medicinal plants by traditional healers in Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China. Methods Data were collected from 112 randomly-selected interviewees using semi- structured interviews in wild herbal plant collected from 2007 to 2010. The data from the interviewees were analyzed with two quantitative tools. With the informant consensus factor, the information homology was evaluated and with the fidelity level the most important species from the categories were found. Results One hundred and fifty-two species belonging to 112 genera in 48 families with medicinal values were recorded. The reported medicinal plants species were used to treat 63 kinds of diseases. And the medicinal plants in this district possessed significant potentials for their pharmacological activities in the context of ethnopharmacological knowledge, especially in the treatments of gastrointestinal, dermatological, and cardiovascular diseases. Conclusion In this work, 152 medicinal plants with their ethnopharmacological information are reported. This study demonstrates that many species play an important role in healing practices among inhabitants from Baotou. More ethnopharmacological information of Mongolian medicinal plants should be gathered and documented in further studies, which is a fundamental step toward developing efficacious natural drugs for various diseases.

8 Effect of Flavonoids in Morus indica on Blood Lipids and Glucose in Hyperlipidemia-diabetic Rats

MA Dong-qing , JIANG Zheng-ju , XU Shi-qiang , YU Xing , HU Xia-min , PAN Hong-yan

2012, 4(4):314-319. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6348.2012.04.008

[Abstract](868) [HTML](0) [PDF 319.65 K](2494)

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Objective To investigate the effect and possible mechanism of flavonoids extracted from Morus indica (FMI) on blood lipids and glucose. Methods The experimental hyperlipidemia-diabetic rats were induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and low dose of Streptozotocin (STZ). Flavonoids-treated rats were pretreated with FMI (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg). The plasma, skeletal muscle, and livers were isolated for biochemical assays, HE staining, immuno- histochemistry, and Western blotting analysis. Results The results showed that the body weight in flavonoids- treated (100 and 200 mg/kg) rats was reduced (P < 0.05, 0.01) compared to HFD-fed rats. FMI obviously reduced total cholesterol (P < 0.01), triglycerides (P < 0.05), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.05), increased high-density lipoprotein (P < 0.05), and significantly decreased the atherosclerosis index (P < 0.01); FMI (100 and 200 mg/kg) also down-regulated the elevation of blood glucose induced by STZ (P < 0.05, 0.01); At the meantime, FMI increased hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduced hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content obviously. In addition, the results showed that the expression of hepatic CYP2E1 was markedly decreased while the expression of GLUT-4 in skeletal muscles was increased by FMI. Conclusion The above results demonstrate that the effect of FMI is related to its up-regulation of hepatic SOD activity, reduction of hepatic MDA content, down-regulation of hepatic CYP2E1 expression, and increase of GLUT-4 expression in skeletal muscle, which suggests that FMI may prevent or improve hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia caused by an excessive HFD.

9 Prophylaxis and Therapy of Isaria felina on Acute Renal Failure Induced by Glycerin in Rats

YANG Xi-hua , ZHANG Sheng-wan , REN Lian-sheng , BAI Xi-hua

2012, 4(4):320-324. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6348.2012.04.009

[Abstract](988) [HTML](0) [PDF 445.14 K](2030)

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Objective To evaluate the prophylaxis and therapy of Isaria felina (IF) on glycerin-induced acute renal failure (ARF) in rats. Methods Forty male Wistar rats were divided into control, model, Uremic Clearance Granule (UCG, positive control), high- and low-dose IF groups. Rats in the high- and low-dose IF groups were ig administered with 200 and 100 mg/kg IF, respectively, while rats were ig administered with 3.6 g/kg UCG successively for 7 d to establish UCG group. The rats in model, control, and drug-treated groups were im injected with 8 mL/kg 50% glycerin after drinking was quitted for 24 h to induce ARF in rats. The drugs were continued to give thereafter. The level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) were determined 24 and 72 h after the injection of glycerin, also the kidney was dissected for pathology examination. Results Im injection with 8 mL/kg 50% glycerin could successfully induce ARF in rats. The dose of 200 mg/kg IF could reduce the high level of BUN and SCr, and ameliorate the pathological damage of the kidney. Conclusion IF has good protective and therapeutic effects on ARF and it is a potential and valuable Chinese herb for ARF.

10 Preparation of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Monoglucuronide by Selective Hydrolysis of Glycyrrhizic Acid via Biotransformation

LU Li , ZHAO Yang , YU He-shui , HUANG Hong-zhi , KANG Li-ping , CAO Man , CUI Jiang-ming , YU Li-yan , SONG Xin-bo , MA Bai-ping

2012, 4(4):325-329. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6348.2012.04.010

[Abstract](1071) [HTML](0) [PDF 260.16 K](3476)

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Objective To search for the microorganisms which have the high selectivity of hydrolyzing glycyrrhizic acid (GL) into 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (GAMG) without glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) byproduct. Methods GL was biotransformed by Aspergillus sp., the products were separated by chromatography on reverse phase C18 column and semi-preparative HPLC, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of HR-ESI-MS, 1D NMR (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and NOESY) and 2D NMR (1H-1H COSY, HSQC, and HMBC) spectral analyses. Results Aspergillus sp. could partially hydrolyze GL into GAMG (3), along with two minor byproducts, 3-O-β-D-glucurono- pyranosyl-18β-liquiritic acid (1) and 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-24-hydroxy-18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (2). Conclusion Aspergillus sp. has the high selectivity of hydrolyzing GL into GAMG without GA byproduct and the yield of GAMG is about 60%. The complete assignments of 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR data for compounds 1 and 2 are reported for the first time.

11 Influence of Panax ginseng Continuous Cropping on Metabolic Function of Soil Microbial Communities

YING Yi-xin , DING Wan-long , ZHOU Ying-qun , LI Yong

2012, 4(4):330-335. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6348.2012.04.011

[Abstract](1509) [HTML](0) [PDF 188.29 K](2648)

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Objective To investigate the influence of Panax ginseng continuous cropping on the carbon substrate metabolic activity of microbes in soils sampled from Dafang, Huangni, and Wulidi in Jilin Province, China. Methods Soil metabolisms of soil communities were characterized by community level physiological profiles using BIOLOGTM EcoPlate. Results Soils sampled from the three sites were analyzed and their metabolic activities were compared. Principal component analysis explored the significant variance in metabolic function of microbial communities in soils, though the Shannon index and the evenness index of them were similar. Futhermore, two principal components (PC1 and PC2), which contributed 67.83% and 10.78% of total variance, were extracted respectively. And also, substrates significantly correlated with PC1 and PC2 at the three sampling sites were identified. Conclusion Characteristic of soil is the primary factor influencing microbial communities, and P. ginseng continuous cropping has significant influence on microbial community. Though soil samples show similar microbial metabolic profiles, microbial communities in rhizosphere soil are changed obviously during the cultivation of P. ginseng, which would finally result in the unbalance of microbial community. Phytopathogens would gradually be the predominants in rhizosphere soil and make P. ginseng sick.

12 Study on Targeting and in vitro Anti-oxidation of Baicalin Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

PING Yang , YU Lian , HU Yan-qiu , MA Li-na , CAO Yue-sheng , ZHANG Lei , MIYAMURA Mitsuhiko , YOKOTA Junko , YOSHIOKA Saburo

2012, 4(4):336-340. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6348.2012.04.012

[Abstract](1360) [HTML](0) [PDF 202.18 K](2345)

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Objective To prepare liver-targeted baicalin solid lipid nanoparticles (BSLNs) and to study their in vitro anti-oxidative activity. Methods BSLNs were prepared by emulsification ultrasonic dispersion method and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and laser particle size distribution; The tissue in vivo distribution was detected by pharmacokinetics; In vitro anti-superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduction capacity of BSLNs were determined; The ability of removing hydroxyl radical was determined by phenanthroline-Fe2+ oxidation. Results The best prescription was baicalin-soybean lecithin-glyceryl monostearate-poloxamer 188 (1:5:15:30); The encapsulation efficiency and drug loading were 84.7% and 5.65%, respectively, mean size of particles was (68.6 ± 8) nm, Zeta potential was ?22.13 mV; The in vitro anti-oxidant results showed that BSLNs had a significant inhibitory effect on SOD and a strong reducing capacity as well as a removing hydroxide radical ability. The targeting rate of BSLNs was 6.931 for liver. Conclusion The results demonstrate that BSLNs could enhance the liver targeting ability and in vitro anti-oxidative activity significantly.

13 Smashing Tissue Extraction and HPLC Determination of Active Saponins from Different Parts of Panax notoginseng

SHI Sheng-ming , LIU Yan-ze , TAI Wen , CHEN Chang-qing , ZHAO Yu-qing

2012, 4(4):341-345. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6348.2012.04.013

[Abstract](933) [HTML](0) [PDF 144.19 K](3010)

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Objective To optimize the extraction technology used for extracting active saponins from the roots, fibrous roots, basal part of stems, root verrucae, fruits, flowers, stems, and leaves of Panax notoginseng based on the contents of ginsengsides Rg1, Rb1, and notoginsengside R1 as evaluation indexes. Methods Different parts of P. notoginseng were extracted by smashing tissue extraction (STE), ultrasound extraction, and reflux extraction. The contents of ginsengsides Rg1, Rb1, and notoginsengside R1 in 24 kinds of extracts were determined by HPLC-UV. Hypersil C18 column (200 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) and acetonitrile-warter (20:80 for 30 min→45:55 for 18 min→70:30 for 2 min→80:20 for 10 min→100:0) were used; UV detector was set at 203 nm; The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL/min. Results STE was the most efficient technology with the highest yield of active saponins among the three tested extraction technologies. Conclusion STE is a fast, effective, and economical method to extract the active saponins from different parts of P. notoginseng. It could significantly shorten the extraction time and simplify the determination of the pre-processing work on identifying P. notoginseng. Such quick and effective extraction provides a powerful tool for analyzing P. notoginseng in the future.

Volume 4,Issue 4,2012 Table of Contents

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