中药挥发油又称中药精油，是中药材中一类重要的活性组分，具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤等多元生物活性，其化学组成以单萜、倍半萜及其衍生物为主。分离纯化精油中的活性成分，去除毒性、光敏性等有害物质，对于阐明挥发油药效物质基础、筛选活性成分、质量控制及进一步开发利用都具有重要意义。目前精油的分离纯化主要依靠液-液萃取技术、分子蒸馏技术、精馏技术、色谱技术、结晶技术，基于PubMed、CNKI等数据库近10年文献，就精油分离纯化技术的工作原理、应用进展以及存在的局限性进行系统的总结和分析，以期为中药精油的高效分离纯化及安全应用提供科学参考，促进中药精油产业进一步发展。

Volatile oils of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), also known as TCM essential oils, represent a crucial category of bioactive components in Chinese herbal medicines. They exhibit diverse biological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. Their chemical composition primarily consists of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and their derivatives. The separation and purification of active components in essential oils, along with the removal of harmful substances like toxic and photosensitive compounds, are of great significance for elucidating the pharmacodynamic material basis of volatile oils, screening bioactive components, quality control, and further development and utilization. Currently, the separation and purification of essential oils mainly rely on liquid-liquid extraction technology, molecular distillation technology, fractional distillation technology, chromatography technology, and crystallization technology. Based on literature from the past decade in databases such as PubMed and CNKI, this article systematically summarizes and analyzes the working principles, application advances, and existing limitations of essential oil separation and purification technologies. The aim is to provide scientific references for the efficient separation and purification as well as safe application of TCM essential oils, thereby promoting the further development of the TCM essential oil industry.

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江西省赣江新区重点研发计划项目（20230007）；国家自然科学基金资助项目（82404878）；江西省自然科学基金资助项目（20242BAB20456）；江西省“赣鄱英才”创新领军人才项目（S2024LQCQ0477）