阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease，AD）是一种以认知功能障碍及记忆损伤为特征的神经退行性疾病。从中药等天然产物中分离得到的活性成分在预防和治疗AD方面展现出独特优势。AD的发病机制复杂，涉及β-淀粉样蛋白（amyloidβ-protein，Aβ）沉积、微管相关蛋白（tubulin associated unit，tau）异常磷酸化、神经炎症、氧化应激、乙酰胆碱能系统功能障碍及线粒体自噬功能紊乱等病理环节。通过系统综述天然产物活性成分在AD治疗中的研究进展，重点阐明了其基于调控Aβ/tau级联、抑制神经炎症、拮抗氧化应激及改善线粒体自噬等关键途径所发挥的神经保护作用，并探讨了当前研究面临的挑战。为天然产物在开发新型AD疗法提供理论依据。

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive dysfunction and memory impairment. Active ingredients derived from natural products such as traditional Chinese medicine have demonstrated unique advantages in the prevention and treatment of AD. The pathogenesis of AD is complex, involving multiple pathological processes such as amyloid β-protein (Aβ) deposition, abnormal phosphorylation of tubulin-associated unit (tau), neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, dysfunction of the cholinergic system, and impaired mitochondrial autophagy. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the study of natural product active ingredients for AD treatment, with a focus on elucidating their neuroprotective effects through key pathways including regulation of the Aβ/tau cascade, suppression of neuroinflammation, antagonism of oxidative stress, and improvement of mitochondrial autophagy. Current research challenges are also discussed, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for development of novel AD therapies from natural products.

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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82111530101); 江西省杰出青年科学基金资助项目(20212ACB216002); 江西省自然科学基金-青年基金项目(20252BAC200578); 赣南医科大学博士启动基金(QD202430)