肥胖由脂肪过度积累引发，其病理变化复杂，涉及脂肪细胞、基质血管细胞等细胞及一系列分子机制的改变。研究表明，中药活性成分、单味药及复方制剂通过多组分、多靶点、多途径机制改善肥胖。然而，传统研究方法存在明显局限性，既无法揭示靶细胞对中药作用的动态响应过程，也难以体现组织内不同细胞对中药反应的异质性。单细胞/单细胞核转录组测序（single-cell/single-nucleus RNA sequencing，sc/snRNA-seq）技术能够在单个细胞层面精准获取RNA表达情况，准确反映中药干预后脂肪组织异质性和细胞功能状态。通过介绍以sc/snRNA-seq为代表的单细胞组学技术在肥胖相关脂肪组织中的研究进展，并探讨中药干预预防肥胖的研究现状及sc/snRNA-seq在中药治疗肥胖研究中的应用前景，简析该技术面临的挑战与未来发展趋势，旨在为肥胖治疗及相关中药研究提供新思路与参考。

Obesity, resulting from excessive fat accumulation, is characterized by complex pathological alterations involving multiple cell types (e.g., adipocytes and stromal vascular cells) and diverse molecular mechanisms. Current evidence demonstrates that the active pharmaceutical components of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), single herbs, and compound formulations, ameliorate obesity through multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway mechanisms. However, conventional research methods have obvious limitations. They can neither reveal the dynamic response process of target cells to the action of TCM nor reflect the heterogeneity of the responses of different cells within the tissue to TCM. Single-cell/single-nucleus RNA sequencing (sc/snRNA-seq) technologies can precisely obtain the RNA expression profiles at the single-cell level, accurately reflecting the heterogeneity of adipose tissue and the functional status of cells after the administration of TCM. By reviewing research advances in single-cell omics technologies (particularly sc/snRNA-seq) for studying obesity-associated adipose tissue, discussing the current research status of TCM intervention for obesity prevention, as well as the application prospects of sc/snRNA-seq in the study of TCM for obesity treatment, this article briefly analyzes the challenges faced by this technology and its future development trends, aiming to provide novel perspectives and references for obesity treatment and related TCM investigations.

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现代中药制造业创新中心项目（TC230A075）