中药汤剂并非单一的真溶液，而是由多成分通过非共价键自组装形成的复杂非均相、多相态分散体系。中药超分子“印迹模板”理论为阐释汤剂中多成分识别、非共价组装、相态形成及药效物质基础形态提供了分析视角。从超分子“印迹模板”视角，综述了中药汤剂中真溶液、胶体、混悬及沉淀等不同相态的形成机制、理化表征、成分分布规律及药效关联。不同相态在粒径、电位及微观形貌上具备显著的物理差异，且化学成分呈现“相态择优”分布特征，生物碱、黄酮等关键活性成分往往选择性地富集于胶体或沉淀相中。这种特定的超分子相态结构可能是介导药效发挥的重要物质基础形态，并与药物溶出、稳定性、体内转运及生物利用度密切相关。其中，胶体相态常表现出潜在的被动靶向分布特征与增溶作用，而混悬沉淀相态则通过物理包裹等方式在“减毒”与“缓释”方面发挥关键作用，为理解中药复方配伍作用提供了相态层面的解释思路。在此基础上，进一步归纳煎煮动力学演变、基于粒径差异的相态拆分、不同相态的理化表征与药效评价、基于特征成分的逆向组装与机制验证等主要研究思路，并分析了相态特征用于中药质量评价时面临的关键问题。未来可从原位表征、体内转化过程、相态指纹图谱量化解析及质量评价等方面深化研究，为阐明中药汤剂药效物质基础和经典名方现代制剂转化提供参考。

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) decoctions are not single true-solution systems, but complex heterogeneous and multiphase dispersed systems formed through the self-assembly of multiple constituents via non-covalent interactions. The supramolecular “imprinting template” theory of TCM provides an analytical perspective for interpreting multi-component recognition, non-covalent assembly, phase-state formation, and the material forms underlying pharmacological activity in decoctions. From this theoretical perspective, this review summarizes the formation mechanisms, physicochemical characterization, component distribution patterns, and pharmacological relevance of different phase states in TCM decoctions, including true solution, colloidal, suspension, and precipitate phases. Different phase states show marked physical differences in particle size, potential, and microscopic morphology, and chemical constituents exhibit phase-preferential distribution. Key active constituents such as alkaloids and flavonoids are often selectively enriched in colloidal or precipitate phases. These specific supramolecular phase-state structures may represent important material forms mediating pharmacological effects and are closely related to drug dissolution, stability, in vivo transport, and bioavailability. Among them, colloidal phases often show potential passive targeting characteristics and solubilization effects, whereas suspension and precipitate phases may play important roles in toxicity attenuation and sustained release through physical encapsulation, providing a phase-state-based explanation for understanding the compatibility of TCM formulas. In addition, this review further summarizes the main research strategies, including decoction kinetic evolution, phase separation based on particle size differences, physicochemical characterization and pharmacological evaluation of different phase states, and reverse assembly and mechanism verification based on characteristic constituents. The key challenges in applying phase-state characteristics to TCM quality evaluation are also discussed. Future studies may be deepened in terms of in situ characterization, in vivo transformation processes, quantitative analysis of phase-state fingerprints, and quality evaluation, providing references for elucidating the pharmacodynamic material basis of TCM decoctions and promoting the modern formulation transformation of classical prescriptions.

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国家自然科学基金项目（82675169）；湖南省自然科学基金项目（2025JJ80125）；湖南省中医药科研课题（A2023037）；全国中医药研究生教育研究课题（YJS-YB-2023-47）；湖南中医药大学研究生科研创新项目（2025CX089，2025CX076）