溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis，UC）是累及结肠黏膜的慢性复发性炎症性疾病，临床以腹痛、腹泻、黏液脓血便为主要表现。直肠给药凭借直达病所、局部浓度高、规避首过效应等优势，成为UC治疗的重要途径。近年来，中药、化学药及多种直肠制剂不断发展，使其在滞留性和控释性等方面取得重要进展。通过系统综述直肠给药的国内外发展历程、生物学基础及UC发病机制，并重点分析了近5年制剂创新与临床研究在直肠给药抗UC中的进展，为UC个体化治疗策略提供参考。

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory disease involving the colonic mucosa, clinically characterized by abdominal pain, diarrhea, and mucopurulent bloody stools. Rectal drug delivery has emerged as an important approach for UC treatment due to its advantages such as direct access to the lesion site, high local drug concentration, and avoidance of the first-pass effect. In recent years, the continuous development of traditional Chinese medicines, chemical drugs, and various rectal formulations have significantly improved the retention and controlled-release performance of rectal drug delivery systems. This review systematically summarizes the domestic and international development history, biological basis of rectal drug delivery, and the pathogenesis of UC, with a focus on analyzing the progress of formulation innovations and clinical studies in rectal drug delivery for UC treatment over the past five years, aiming to provide a reference for the individualized treatment strategies of UC.

R283

全国重点实验室自主部署重点研发计划项目（20243BCC31008）