鲜药系未经干燥或炮制加工处理的新鲜动、植物类药材，因其避免常规干燥与炮制过程，能够更大程度保留挥发性成分、热敏性物质等活性成分，在外感热病、皮肤病等治疗中具有独特优势。系统对比鲜药与干药的药理活性差异，结果表明部分品种鲜药在挥发油、生物碱等成分含量上常高于干药，且在抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化及抗肿瘤等药理作用方面表现更为显著。同时，综述了鲜药现代制剂的研究进展，汁剂、胶囊、囊泡载体制剂等新剂型在一定程度上缓解了鲜药贮藏与运输的难题，然而鲜药在实际应用中仍面临质量标准不统一、稳定性评价体系不完善等问题。通过对比分析鲜药与干药的化学成分及药理作用、梳理鲜药应用现存问题，展望其制剂研究方向，进一步梳理当前鲜药适宜剂型选择原则，探讨以活性成分为导向构建适宜性质量标准体系的方向，为鲜药的深度开发与合理利用提供理论依据与技术参考，促进中医药的传承与创新发展。

Fresh medicinal materials refer to unprocessed or non-dried botanical and zoological substances utilized in their fresh state. By circumventing conventional drying and preparation procedures, they preserve a higher concentration of volatile compounds, heat-sensitive constituents, and other bioactive ingredients, thereby offering distinct advantages in treating external-contraction febrile diseases, dermatological conditions, and similar ailments. A systematic comparison of pharmacological activities between fresh and dried medicinal materials reveals that fresh variants of some species generally exhibit elevated levels of volatile oils, alkaloids, and other components, along with more pronounced antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor effects. Simultaneously, it provides a comprehensive review of the research progress on modern formulations of fresh medicinal materials. Novel dosage forms, such as juice preparations, capsules, and vesicular carrier systems, have, to some extent, mitigated the challenges associated with the storage and transportation of fresh medicinal materials. Nevertheless, issues persist in practical applications, including inconsistent quality standards and inadequate stability assessment frameworks. This review aims to compare and analyze the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of fresh and dried Chinese medicinal materials, sort out the existing problems in the application of fresh medicinal materials, prospect the research directions of their preparations, further summarize the current principles for selecting appropriate dosage forms for fresh Chinese medicinal materials, and explore the direction of constructing a suitable quality standard system oriented toward active ingredients. It is expected to provide theoretical basis and technical references for the in-depth development and rational utilization of fresh Chinese medicinal materials, and promote the inheritance, innovative development of traditional Chinese medicine.

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国家自然科学基金资助项目（82274119）；河南省重点研发专项（251111310400）；河南省中医药科学研究重大专项（2024ZYZD15）；河南省重点研发专项计划（241111311500）；河南省中医药科学院揭榜挂帅项目（2025ZKY006）；河南省高等学校重点科研项目计划（25CY021）；河南省杰出外籍科学家工作室（GZS2024015）