钙离子（Ca²⁺）作为植物细胞内的重要第二信使，在感知与应答重金属胁迫中发挥枢纽作用。综述了国内外近期Ca²⁺信号在镉、铅等重金属吸收与耐受中的双重调控机制：一方面，重金属可通过直接激活Ca²⁺通道、间接诱导活性氧爆发及破坏Ca²⁺稳态三条途径触发特异性钙信号，诱发胞内Ca²⁺瞬时升高或特异性振荡；另一方面，这些时空特异的Ca²⁺信号由钙调素、钙依赖蛋白激酶及类钙调磷酸酶B亚基蛋白-互作激酶复合体等感受器解码，进而通过转录与翻译后修饰精确调控重金属转运体，如CNGCs和NRAMPs等的表达与活性，从而实现抑制吸收、促进外排或液泡隔离的双向调控，并同时激活抗氧化与螯合解毒通路以维持离子稳态与氧化还原平衡。此外，丛枝菌根菌共生可通过重塑宿主Ca²⁺信号的时空模式，改变离子转运谱并增强解毒途径，从而协同调控植物的金属吸收与耐受。综上，强调以Ca²⁺通路为核心的“感知-解码-执行”网络是调控植物重金属吸收的关键，并建议未来研究聚焦金属特异性Ca²⁺指纹的识别、关键通道与解码模块的功能验证，以及与根际微生物干预相结合的应用开发，以期为中药材和农作物的低重金属积累栽培及土壤修复提供理论与技术支持。

Calcium ion (Ca²⁺), as a crucial second messenger in plant cells, plays a central role in sensing and responding to heavy metal stress. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the dual regulatory mechanisms of Ca²⁺signaling for the uptake and tolerance of heavy metals such as cadmium and lead. On the one hand, heavy metals can trigger specific Ca²⁺ signatures-transient elevations or characteristic oscillations—through three pathways: direct activation of Ca²⁺ channels, indirect induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS)bursts, and disruption of Ca²⁺ homeostasis. On the other hand, these spatiotemporally distinct Ca²⁺ signals are decoded by sensors including calmodulin, calcium-dependent protein kinases, and calcineurin B-like protein (CBL)-CBL-interacting protein kinase (CIPK) complexes, which then precisely regulate the expression and activity of heavy metal transporters, such as CNGCs and NRAMPs, through transcriptional and post-translational modifications. This enables a dual regulatory mode-suppressing uptake, promoting efflux, or vacuolar sequestration-while concurrently activating antioxidant and chelation-based detoxification pathways to maintain ion homeostasis and redox balance. Furthermore, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis can synergistically modulate plant metal uptake and tolerance by reshaping the spatiotemporal patterns of host Ca²⁺ signals, altering ion transport profiles, and enhancing detoxification pathways. In conclusion, this review emphasizes that the Ca²⁺ pathway-centered “perception-decoding-execution” network is key to regulating heavy metal uptake in plants. Future research should focus on identifying metal-specific Ca²⁺ fingerprints, functionally validating key channels and decoding modules, and developing applications combined with rhizosphere microbial interventions, thereby providing theoretical and technical support for low-heavy-metal-accumulation cultivation of medicinal plants and crops, as well as for soil remediation.

R282.6

云南省基础研究计划重点项目（202501AS070141）；国家自然科学基金项目（82260743，82360750）；中央本级重大增减支项目“名贵中药资源可持续利用能力建设项目”（2060302-2404-05）；云南省“万人计划”青年拔尖人才专项（YNWR-QNBJ-2020-279）；云南省“兴滇英才支持计划”青年人才项目（XDYC-QNRC-2023-0526）；云南省科技厅-云南省国际科技特派员（个人）项目（202403AK140080）；云南省中医药应用基础研究联合专项（202101AZ070001-014，202001AZ070001-009）；云南省教育厅科学研究基金研究生项目（2025Y0604）