中枢神经系统疾病是导致残疾和死亡的重要原因，神经炎症持续激活及胶质细胞功能失衡是共同病理基础之一。多糖作为中药重要活性成分，具有免疫调节、抗炎、抗氧化、抗凋亡及调节自噬等多重生物学活性，在阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、多发性硬化、抑郁症及脑缺血再灌注损伤等疾病中表现出潜在神经保护作用。现有证据表明，中药多糖可通过调控小胶质细胞活化与极化、吞噬与病理性清除、自噬-脂滴代谢，维持星形胶质细胞稳态，并促进少突胶质细胞谱系分化及再髓鞘化，从而改善胶质细胞异常反应及其介导的神经炎症损伤。其作用机制涉及核因子-κB（nuclear factor-κB，NF-κB）、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3（nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3，NLRP3）、磷脂酰肌醇-3-羟激酶（phosphatidylinositol-3-hydroxykinase，PI3K）/蛋白激酶B（protein kinase B，Akt）等信号通路。总体来看，中药多糖对胶质细胞具有多靶点、多层次调控特征，是改善中枢神经系统疾病的重要机制基础。未来仍需加强多糖结构解析、靶点验证及临床转化研究，为其神经保护作用的机制阐明和应用开发提供依据。

Central nervous system diseases are major causes of disability and death, with persistent activation of neuroinflammation and glial functional imbalance being one of the common pathological features. As important bioactive constituents of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), TCM polysaccharides, possess multiple biological activities, including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and autophagy-regulating effects. They have shown potential neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and other central nervous system diseases. Current evidence indicates that TCM polysaccharides can ameliorate aberrant glial responses and glia-mediated neuroinflammatory injury by regulating microglial activation and polarization, phagocytosis and pathological clearance, and autophagy-lipid droplet metabolism, maintaining astrocyte homeostasis, and promoting oligodendrocyte lineage differentiation and remyelination. The underlying mechanisms involve multiple signaling pathways, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), phosphatidylinositol-3-hydroxykinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), etc. Overall, TCM polysaccharides exert multi-target and multi-level regulatory characteristics on glial cells, which constitutes an important mechanistic basis for timproving central nervous system diseases. Future studies should further strengthen polysaccharide structural characterization, target validation, and clinical translational research to provide evidence for elucidating its neuroprotective mechanism and promoting application development.

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国家自然科学基金资助项目（82460951）；甘肃省科学技术厅（25JRRA934）