脑部疾病治疗长期受血脑屏障（blood-brain barrier，BBB）限制，导致药物入脑不足、非特异分布增加并易被免疫清除。尽管合成纳米载体在一定程度上改善了药物的药动学行为，但其长期稳定性和生物安全性仍有待进一步验证。植物来源纳米囊泡（plant-derived nanovesicles，PDNVs）作为一种新兴的治疗与递送平台，具有天然脂质双层结构、生物相容性好、免疫原性低及易于规模化制备等优势，并展现出跨越BBB的潜力。PDNVs不仅携带脂质、蛋白质、核酸及活性小分子，还兼具递送载体和内源性治疗活性双重功能。组分结构理论强调从要素结构、量比结构和物相结构3方面解析多组分体系的整体功能。基于该理论，将PDNVs视为由多类内源组分在膜性空间中有序整合的天然复合纳米体系，重点阐明其组分组成、膜结构与跨BBB递送及脑部疾病干预效应之间的关联，并归纳其工程化优化策略。为PDNVs的理性设计、质量控制与功能优化提供分析框架，并为其开发为具有跨BBB递送潜力的中枢神经系统新型递药平台提供理论依据与参考。

The treatment of brain diseases is largely hindered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which limits drug delivery to the brain and contributes to nonspecific distribution and immune clearance. Although synthetic nanocarriers can improve drug pharmacokinetics, their long-term stability and biosafety remain uncertain. Plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) have emerged as promising therapeutic and delivery platforms owing to their natural lipid bilayers, good biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, scalability, and BBB-crossing potential. Carrying lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and bioactive small molecules, PDNVs integrate delivery capability with intrinsic therapeutic activity. Component-structure theory interprets the functions of multicomponent systems through elemental structure, quantitative-ratio structure, and phase structure. From this perspective, PDNVs can be regarded as natural composite nanovesicles formed by the ordered integration of endogenous components within membrane-confined spaces. This review discusses the relationships among PDNVs composition, membrane architecture, BBB-crossing delivery, and therapeutic effects in brain diseases, and summarizes engineering strategies for functional optimization. It provides an analytical framework for the rational design, quality control, and optimization of PDNVs as potential central nervous system drug delivery platforms.

R285

中国药科大学附属江宁中医院重点专科建设领军人物培育项目；江苏省教育厅“青蓝工程”人才项目；江苏省自然科学基金项目（BK20252067）