中药鲜药素有“因鲜而效”的独特优势，其核心在于活性成分保留完整、生理活性高。然而，鲜药在生长和采后成分易变、保鲜技术滞后及标准缺失制约其临床推广。通过系统梳理鲜药应用的历史沿革，阐释“因鲜而效”的物质基础，归纳鲜药活性成分在采前遵循时空积累、采后发生物理逸散、酶促氧化及水解聚合等动态变化，提出以保留优势活性成分为核心的分类加工与精准贮藏策略。旨在揭示鲜药“因鲜而效”的科学内涵，为鲜药活性成分保护、品质提升与现代化应用提供理论依据与思路。

Fresh traditional Chinese medicine (Fresh herbs) has the unique advantage of being effective due to its freshness, with the core being the complete retention of active ingredients and high physiological activity. However, the clinical promotion of fresh drugs is restricted by the variability of their components during growth and after harvest, the lagging preservation technology and the lack of standards. This article systematically reviews the historical evolution of the application of fresh herbs and explains the material basis for efficacy due to freshness, summarizes the dynamic changes of the active ingredients of fresh herbs, such as spatio-temporal accumulation before harvest, physical escape, enzymatic oxidation and hydrolytic polymerization after harvest, and proposes a classification processing and precise storage strategy centered on retaining dominant active ingredients. It aims to reveal the scientific connotation of efficacy due to freshness of fresh herbs, and provide theoretical basis and ideas for the protection of active ingredients, quality improvement and modern application of fresh herbs.

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安徽高等研究院校企联合科研与人才培养项目（2024HZ067）；国家中医药管理局传统中医药学高水平重点学科建设项目—中药资源学（药用植物学）（zyyzdxk-2023095）；省部共建安徽道地中药材品质提升协同创新中心（教科信厅函[2022] 4号）