黄芪Astragali Radix作为传统补气药，其质量受产区生态、栽培技术和加工工艺影响显著。不同产区黄芪在外观、化学成分及生物活性上差异明显：山西浑源以毛蕊异黄酮葡糖苷丰富为特征，甘肃陇西黄芪甲苷含量高，内蒙古则富含异黄酮类化合物。差异源于生态因子与遗传背景的深度耦合，伴生植物及次生代谢调控网络为关键机制。栽培模式影响显著，仿野生栽培可接近野生品质；合理密度、水肥管理及菌根接种可提升有效成分含量。采收和加工环节同样重要，秋季采收、60℃热风干燥及蜜炙炮制可最大化保留活性成分并增强免疫活性。此外，有学者分析黄芪加工中成分变化，确立黄芪甲苷和毛蕊异黄酮作为质量标志物，并建立从原料到产品的质量控制方法。《中国药典》2025年版标准侧重单一成分，难以全面反映“成分簇”协同效应，产区扩张加剧质量波动，连作障碍引发土壤微生态失衡。未来应结合多组学与智能化分析，建立基于功效物质的动态质量评价体系，并通过“土壤-气候-品种”匹配模型优化非道地产区种植，推动黄芪产业高质量发展。

Astragalus membranaceus, a traditional qi-tonifying herb, exhibits quality that is strongly influenced by ecological factors of the production region, cultivation practices, and processing techniques. Significant differences in morphology, chemical composition, and bioactivity are observed among different production areas: A. membranaceus from Hunyuan, Shanxi is characterized by high levels of calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, that from Longxi, Gansu is enriched in astragaloside, while samples from Inner Mongolia contain higher concentrations of isoflavonoids. These variations arise from the intricate coupling between ecological factors (such as soil elemental composition, climate, and microbial communities) and genetic background, with associated plants and secondary metabolite regulatory networks serving as key mechanisms. Cultivation patterns exert considerable influence, as wild-simulated cultivation can approximate wild-type quality; appropriate planting density, water and nutrient management, and arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation effectively enhance the accumulation of bioactive constituents. Harvesting and processing are equally critical: autumn harvest, hot air drying at 60 ℃, and honey-frying processing maximize retention of active compounds and improve immunomodulatory activity. Additionally, previous studies have examined chemical changes during processing and identified astragaloside and calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside as marker compounds, establishing quality control strategies from raw materials to final products. The 2025 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, which focus on single constituents, are insufficient to fully reflect the synergistic effects of constituent clusters. Expansion of cultivation areas exacerbates quality variability, and continuous cropping can disrupt soil microbial ecology. Future approaches should integrate multi-omics analyses and intelligent monitoring to develop a dynamic quality evaluation system based on bioactive constituents, and employ “soil–climate–genotype” matching models to optimize cultivation in non-authentic production regions, thereby promoting high-quality development of the A. membranaceus industry.

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国家重点研发计划—中医药现代化（2024YFC3506403）