目的 建立科学合理的苦杏仁质量评价与分级标准。方法 以采集的32批山杏Prunus armeniaca干燥成熟种子为研究对象，测定其形态参数（纵径、横径、厚径、仁形指数）、仁质量、硬度、色度值（L^*、a^*、b^*、E^*_ab）、气味响应值及苦杏仁苷含量，采用质量常数法进行等级划分，并通过相关性分析、偏最小二乘法-判别分析（partial least squares-discriminant analysis，PLS-DA）及回归分析探究各指标与质量等级的关联性。结果 32批苦杏仁质量常数范围为1.04～3.15，依据质量常数值可分为选货（6批）和统货（26批）；苦杏仁苷含量与硬度、b^*值显著正相关（P＜0.05），质量常数与仁质量、横径、硬度、苦杏仁苷含量等指标极显著正相关（P＜0.01）；PLS-DA模型可有效区分不同等级苦杏仁，苦杏仁苷含量和质量常数是分级的关键变量；回归分析表明硬度可解释20.0%的苦杏仁苷含量变异，硬度与横径共同解释60.10%的质量常数变异。结论 构建的基于外观性状、内在成分及质量常数的评价体系，有助于规范苦杏仁市场秩序，可为苦杏仁品质评价与市场分级提供科学依据。

Objective Toestablish a scientific and reasonable quality evaluation and grading standard for Armeniacae Semen Amarum (ASA). Methods Taking 32 batches of dried mature seeds of Prunus armeniaca as the research objects, Their morphological parameters (longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, thickness diameter, kernel shape index), kernel dry weight, hardness, color values (L^*、a^*、b^*、E^*_ab), odor response values, and amygdalin content were determined. Grade classification was performed using the quality constant method,and the correlations between various indicators and quality grades were investigated through correlation analysis, partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and regression analysis. Results The quality constant A of the 32 batches of ASA kernels ranged from 1.04 to 3.15, Based on the A value, they could be classified into selected grade (six batches) and mixed grade (26 batches). Amygdalin content was significantly positively correlated with hardness and b^* value (P < 0.05), and the quality constant A was extremely significantly positively correlated with dry kernel weight, transverse diameter, hardness, and amygdalin content (P < 0.01). The PLS-DA model could effectively distinguish ASA of different grades, and amygdalin content and quality constant A were identified as the key variables for grading. Regression analysis showed that hardness could explain 20.0% of the variation in amygdalin content, while hardness and transverse diameter together explained 60.10% of the variation in the quality constant. Conclusion The evaluation system constructed in this study based on appearance characteristics, intrinsic components, and quality constant, which helps standardize the market order of ASA, ensure the safety and efficacy of clinical medication. It is of great significance for promoting the standardized development of ASA industry and can provide a scientific basis for the quality evaluation and market grading of ASA.

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宁夏自然科学基金项目（2024AAC03358）；2023年宁夏回族自治区青年拔尖人才培养项目（宁人社函〔2024〕106号）；宁夏重点研发计划项目（2024BEG03016）