芥子Sinapis Semen为温化寒痰之要药，具有温肺豁痰利气、散结通络止痛之功效，在中医临床中具有重要作用。现代研究表明，芥子中主要含有硫代葡萄糖苷类、芥子碱类、黄酮类及挥发油等化学成分，其中芥子碱硫氰酸盐被《中国药典》2020年版列为芥子的质量控制指标成分。然而，当前芥子的质量评价指标仍较为单一，难以全面反映其整体功效物质基础，仍需进一步深入研究。通过系统全面梳理芥子的化学成分与药理作用研究进展，并基于中药功效物质的“三要素”与质量标志物的“五原则”，通过多维度分析预测白芥子苷、黑芥子苷、芥子碱、芥子碱硫氰酸盐、异硫氰酸烯丙酯等成分可作为芥子质量评价的核心功效成分群，为建立更科学、全面的芥子质量控制体系提供理论参考。

Jiezi (Sinapis Semen), as an essential herb for warming and resolving cold phlegm, possesses the effects of warming the lungs, dispelling phlegm, promoting qi flow, dispersing nodules, unblocking collaterals, and relieving pain. It plays a significant role in clinical applications of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Modern research has shown that Sinapis Semen primarily contains various chemical components such as glucosinolates, sinapine, flavonoids, and volatile oils. Among these, sinapine thiocyanate is listed as the quality control indicator for Sinapis Semen in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. However, the current quality evaluation indicators for Sinapis Semen remain relatively limited, making it difficult to comprehensively reflect its overall material basis of effective components, and further in-depth research is still needed. This article systematically and comprehensively reviews the research progress on the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Sinapis Semen. Based on three essential criteria of effective components (identification, dose-effect precision, and mechanism clarification) and the “five principles” of quality markers for TCM—effectiveness, specificity, measurability, transmission and traceability, and compatibility environment, this study identifies sinalbin, sinigrin, sinapine, sinapine thiocyanate, and allyl isothiocyanate as potential core components for the quality evaluation of Sinapis Semen. This review can provide a theoretical reference for establishing a more scientific and comprehensive quality control system for Sinapis Semen.

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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82404828); 江苏省院士工作站(BM2024101,BM2023118)