羊肚菌Morchella spp.是一类珍贵的食药用真菌，其多糖因良好的生物安全性与多样的生理活性，成为近年来天然产物领域的研究热点。大量研究揭示羊肚菌多糖（Morchellapolysaccharides，MPs）通过影响肠道菌群的组成和代谢，进而调节宿主机体功能的机制。MPs可选择性促进肠道有益共生菌增殖，同时抑制潜在致病菌，从而缓解与菌群失调相关的疾病。此外，MPs可被肠道菌群降解为具有生物活性的代谢产物，如短链脂肪酸（short-chain fatty acids，SCFAs）。这些代谢产物不仅促进MPs的吸收，还在维持肠道屏障功能、抑制炎症、调节免疫反应等方面发挥重要作用。通过综述MPs的分离、纯化方法，MPs在肠道内的降解过程，MPs对肠道菌群结构及SCFAs生成的影响，及MPs通过靶向肠道菌群对宿主产生的有益作用，揭示MPs-肠道菌群-宿主机体功能间的相互机制，为MPs的临床应用及功能性食品的开发提供理论依据。

Morchella spp. are a group of precious edible and medicinal fungi. Their polysaccharides have become a research hotspot in the field of natural products in recent years due to their excellent biological safety and diverse physiological activities. In recent years, many studies have revealed the mechanism by which Morchella polysaccharides (MPs) can regulate host body function by influencing the composition and metabolism of gut microbiota. MPs can selectively promote the proliferation of beneficial commensal bacteria in the gut while inhibiting potential pathogenic bacteria, thereby alleviating diseases associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis. Moreover, MPs can be degraded by the gut microbiota into biologically active metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These metabolites not only promote the absorption of polysaccharides, but also play essential roles in maintaining the intestinal barrier function, regulating immune responses, and inhibiting inflammation. The current review summarizes the isolation and purification methods of MPs, the degradation of MPs in intestine, the impacts of MPs on gut microbiota community and SCFAs productivity, as well as the beneficial effects of MPs to host by targeting gut microbiota, and reveals the interaction mechanism among MPs, gut microbiota and host body function. We hope this article can offer some theoretical bases and inspirations for the clinical application of MPs and the development of functional foods.

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国家自然科学基金资助项目（32260797）；2025年度陕能院校级科研项目（2025KYZRZ02）