药用植物品质表现为外观性状与内在质量，然而在现有的评价体系中，基于化学成分的中药质量鉴定方法得到广泛应用，而传统的“辨状论质”逐渐被忽视，成为中药质量评价的局限。“三优”理论的提出逐步打破此局限性，为中药品质评价指明了方向，中药道地性的自然属性、物质属性、药效属性及其相互关系逐步被揭示。在“三优”理论的背景下，野山参因其具有“五形六体”的独特鉴定评价特征，被作为“三优”论证的范式材料，并开展了系列研究，探讨了野山参“外在优形”“内在优质”及“优质功效”的相关性。据此，从“三优”理论的提出及论证为切入点，梳理了“三优”理论的形成及其科学内涵，归纳了野山参“优形优质”特征的历史演进路径与现代研究进展，并展望了未来野山参“优形优质”特征的研究方向，以期为野山参的品质调控及其道地性形成机制解析提供参考。

The quality of medicinal plants is reflected in their external characteristics and intrinsic quality. However, in the existing evaluation systems, the methods for identifying the quality of traditional Chinese medicine, which are primarily based on chemical components, have gradually overshadowed the traditional approach of “differentiating quality based on morphology”. This shift poses limitations on the quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine. The introduction of the “three excellences” theory has begun to break these limitations and has clarified the direction for quality evaluation in traditional Chinese medicine. This theory reveals the natural, material, and medicinal attributes of traditional Chinese medicine and their interrelationships. Under the framework of the “three excellences” theory, wild Panax ginseng, with its unique characteristics described as “five forms and six bodies”, has been studied as a model material for demonstrating the principles of this theory. Research has been carried out to explore the correlation between the “external excellent form”, “internal excellent quality” and “high-quality efficacy” of wild Panax ginseng. Accordingly, this paper takes the proposal and validation of the “three excellences” theory as a starting point, reviewing the formation and scientific connotation of the theory. It summarizes the historical evolution and modern research progress of the “superior shape and high quality” characteristics of wild Panax ginseng and anticipates future research directions for these characteristics, aiming to provide a reference for the quality regulation of wild Panax ginseng and the elucidation of its authentic formation mechanisms.

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国家现代农业产业技术体系（CARS-21）；中国农业科学院科技创新工程（CAAS-ASTIP-2021-ISAPS）