目的 将黄芩炭成分分离纯化为黄芩炭透析袋内纳米类成分（Scutellariae Radix Carbonisata intra dialysate nano-components，SRC-I）及黄芩炭透析袋外自身指标成分（Scutellariae Radix Carbonisata out dialysate endogenous marker components，SRC-O）2部分，明确SRC-I的理化性质并探究黄芩炭及各组分的凉血止血效果。方法 通过对黄芩炭提取、分离、透析得到SRC-I，利用纳米材料表征方法明确其形态、光学性质、官能团及元素组成等信息。利用小鼠断尾出血及肝脏出血实验初步评价黄芩炭和SRC-I的止血效果。构建大鼠血热出血模型，通过比较大鼠一般体征、病理学变化、凝血四项参数、血浆中还原型谷胱甘肽（reduced glutathione，GSH）、氧化型谷胱甘肽（oxidized glutathione，GSSG）、丙二醛（malondialdehyde，MDA）的水平、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase，SOD）的活力，评价黄芩炭及各组分的凉血止血作用。结果 SRC-I为类球形，粒径分布在3.40～11.70 nm，晶格间距为0.285 nm，具有荧光特性，主要由C、O、N元素构成，表面含有羰基，可能含有羟基、氨基等官能团，未检测到黄芩炭中传统意义上的黄酮类成分。SRC-I能显著缩短小鼠断尾出血和肝脏出血时间（P＜0.01），且止血效果与黄芩炭无显著性差异；改善血热出血大鼠的异常体征，有效减轻肺、胃组织损伤；显著缩短凝血酶原时间（prothrombin time，PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（activated partial thromboplastin time，APTT）及凝血酶时间（thrombin time，TT）（P＜0.01），降低纤维蛋白原（fibrinogen，FIB）含量（P＜0.01），效果优于黄芩炭及SRC-O；显著提高GSH水平及SOD活性（P＜0.01），下调GSSG、MDA水平（P＜0.05、0.01），升高GSH/GSSG值（P＜0.05），效果优于黄芩炭及SRC-O。结论 黄芩炒炭过程中出现的纳米类成分是黄芩炭凉血止血的关键物质，其纳米学特性使其表现出优于黄芩炭的凉血止血效应，而SRC-O是黄芩炭发挥清热凉血功效的活性组分，2部分共同发挥凉血止血功效。不仅为诠释黄芩炭凉血止血的科学内涵提供了新的思路，也为规范黄芩炭炮制工艺、质量标准及其临床合理应用提供了科学依据。

Objective To separate and purify the components of Scutellariae Radix Carbonisata (SRC) into SRC intra dialysate nano-components (SRC-I) and SRC out dialysate endogenous marker components (SRC-O), define the physicochemical properties of SRC-I, and investigate the blood-cooling and hemostatic effects of SRC and its fractions. Methods SRC-I were obtained through extraction, separation, and dialysis of SRC. Their morphology, optical properties, functional groups and elemental composition were characterized using nanomaterial analysis methods. The hemostatic effects of SRC and SRC-I were preliminarily evaluated by mouse tail amputation and liver hemorrhage assays. A rat model of blood-heat hemorrhage was established to evaluate the blood-cooling and hemostatic effects of SRC and its fractions by comparing general physical characteristics, pathological changes, coagulation parameters, plasma levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in plasma. Results SRC-I exhibited quasi-spherical morphology with a particle size distribution of 3.40—11.70 nm, lattice spacing of 0.285 nm, and fluorescence properties. They mainly consisted of C, O and N elements, with surface carbonyl groups, potential hydroxyl and amino functionalities, while traditional flavonoid components of SRC were not detected. SRC-I significantly shortened tail amputation and liver hemorrhage times in mice (P < 0.01), with no significant difference compared to SRC. SRC-I demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in ameliorating abnormal physical characteristics and effectively mitigated pulmonary and gastric tissue damage in blood-heat hemorrhage rats. SRC-I significantly shortened prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and thrombin time (TT) (P < 0.01), along with decreased fibrinogen content (FIB) (P < 0.01), exhibiting superior efficacy compared to both SRC and SRC-O. Additionally, SRC-I significantly increased GSH level and SOD activity (P < 0.01), decreased GSSG and MDA levels (P < 0.05, 0.01), and increased GSH/GSSG value (P < 0.05), demonstrating superior efficacy to both SRC and SRC-O. Conclusion The nano-components formed during SRC processing are the key substance for its blood-cooling and hemostatic effects, exhibiting superior efficacy compared to SRC due to their nanoscale properties. SRC-O are the active fraction responsible for the heat-clearing and blood-cooling effects of SRC. Both components work synergistically to achieve blood-cooling and hemostatic effects. This not only offers new insights into elucidating the scientific connotations of SRC blood-cooling and hemostatic effects, but also provides a scientific basis for standardizing its processing techniques, quality standards, and clinical applications.

R285.5

山东省自然科学基金面上项目（ZR2021MH009）；山东中医药大学科学研究基金项目（KYZK2024M20）；山东中医药大学“药苑育研”优秀研究生创新基金项目（YYCXJJ-202434）