应激颗粒是存在于胞质的一种无膜致密颗粒，通过包裹mRNA、转录起始因子、RNA结合蛋白等翻译起始阶段的重要元件，使细胞在遭受不利刺激时出现短暂的蛋白翻译阻滞，从而起到细胞保护作用。研究发现，应激颗粒广泛分布于海马和皮层的神经元细胞、星形胶质细胞、小胶质细胞和浦肯野细胞等神经细胞中，生物过程涉及蛋白异常聚集、突触的成熟和可塑性、免疫调节、抗氧化应激反应、抑制细胞凋亡等，在急性缺血性脑卒中和神经退行性疾病的发生发展中发挥着重要作用。尤其是其多样化的物质组成和广泛参与的生物过程，为中医证候生物学及“同病异治”“整体调节”等中医药传统理论和治法的研究提供了崭新的思路和视野。对应激颗粒的基本特征、神经保护及研究方法等进行系统的梳理，同时以急性缺血性脑卒中为范例，尝试将应激颗粒这一现代生物学现象纳入到中医药现代研究中，提出研究设想和思路，以期用科学的语言阐释传统中医药相关理论与治法，也为行业同仁的相关研究提供参考。

Stress granules (SG) are membrane-free dense granules present in the cytoplasm that act as cytoprotective agents by wrapping mRNA, transcription initiation factors, and RNA-binding proteins and other important components of the translation initiation phase, resulting in a transient protein translation block when cells are subjected to adverse stimuli. This cellular process is a self-protection mechanism for cells. It was found that SG were widely distributed in neurons, astrocytes, microglia, purkinje cell in the hippocampus and cortex, and the biological processes involve abnormal protein aggregation, synaptic maturation and plasticity, immune regulation, antioxidant stress response, and inhibition of apoptosis. For instance, SG participate the misfolding and abnormal accumulation of the essential protein, synaptic maturation and plasticity, it also exhibits immunoregulation, anti-oxidation and prevention of cell apoptosis in neuronal cells, so as to contribute to the neuronal function recovery. Accordingly, SG are considered as an alternative approach for treatment of stroke and neurodegenerative disease. In particular, its diversified substance composition and widely involved biological process provide a new vision for the study of TCM syndrome biology and the traditional treatments of TCM such as "different treatment of the same disease" and "holistic regulation". Here, the principal character, neuroprotective functions and related research methods are systematically reviewed. At the same time, taking acute ischemic stroke as an example, the modern biological phenomenon of SG is tried to incorporate into the modern research of TCM, and research inspiration and ideas are put forward in order to explain the relevant theories and treatments of TCM in a scientific way and provide reference for other researchers.

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国家自然科学基金资助项目（82060759）；国家自然科学基金资助项目（81660713）；澳门科技发展基金资助项目（0048/2018/A2）；中国中医科学院科技创新工程项目（CI2021A00916，CI2021A04404，CI2021A04405）；江西中医药大学研究生境外访学基金资助项目