自噬是细胞自我吞食并通过溶酶体降解丧失功能的废旧细胞器和蛋白质等细胞内物质，以实现循环再利用、产生能量、对抗应激等现象。自噬可分为巨自噬、微自噬、分子伴侣介导的自噬3类。细胞自噬与肿瘤的增殖、凋亡、侵袭、转移和耐药性等密切相关。研究发现，中药能够增强肿瘤细胞自噬以诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡、抑制肿瘤细胞侵袭与转移、降低肿瘤耐药性，从而发挥抗肿瘤作用。但是，某些中药也可以诱导肿瘤细胞产生保护性自噬，从而促进肿瘤细胞增殖、抑制肿瘤细胞凋亡。另外，中药也可以抑制肿瘤细胞保护性自噬，以逆转肿瘤耐药性。少数中药还能够双向调控肿瘤细胞自噬。中药调控肿瘤细胞自噬的信号机制主要分为哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mammalian target of rapamycin，mTOR）依赖性通路和非mTOR依赖性通路。随着自噬生物学的发展，研究开发基于精准调控细胞自噬的抗癌中药，将助力临床肿瘤的防治。

Autophagy is a cellular process of degradation of the worn and dysfunctional components, including proteins and organelles, in lysosomes to recycle cellular materials and supply energy under the stress situation. Autophagy falls into three categories, such as macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. It is well known that autophagy is associated with the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance of various cancer cells. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) may increase cancer autophagy to induce apoptosis, retard the invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance of a variety of cancers. However, some kinds of TCM may also enhance cancer autophagy to promote proliferation and suppress apoptosis of some cancer types. Besides, TCM may reduce the protective autophagy of certain cancers to reverse the therapeutic resistance. In addition, some TCM exhibit dual effects on cancer autophagy. The underlying mechanisms are the regulation of the mTOR-dependent pathway and the mTOR-independent pathway by TCM. With the development of autophagy biology, the innovation of TCM targeting cancer autophagy will be beneficial to the prevention and treatment of malignancies in the clinal setting.

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国家自然科学基金资助项目（81573813）；国家自然科学基金资助项目（81173598）；四川省教育厅省属高校科研创新团队建设计划项目（18TD0017）；成都中医药大学“杏林学者”基金资助项目（YXRC2019002，ZRYY1917）；成都中医药大学西南特色中药资源重点实验室开放研究基金资助项目（2020XSGG006）