目的 评价云南草果居群的遗传多样性及亲缘关系。方法 运用7对微卫星引物对24个草果居群进行分析；首先应用GenALEx计算遗传多样性参数，并进行PCoA和AMOVA分析；采用NTsys软件绘制居群聚类图；最后利用Structure软件计算出最佳的K值。结果 24个草果居群的Shannon多样性指数（H）的平均值为0.49，期望杂合度（H_e）的平均值为0.32；遗传分化系数（F_st）为0.090，基因流（N_m）为2.930。24个草果居群的遗传分化有81%存在于居群内，仅有19%存在于居群间；黄花草果23个居群的遗传一致度（I）为0.631 8～0.982 4，遗传距离（D）的范围为0.017 7～0.459 2，而白花草果居群（MG5）与其他23个黄花草果居群一致度均较小，为0.369 7～0.609 0；而居群聚类分析，在遗传距离0.49处，明显地把白花草果与黄花草果分开；Structure聚类得出K=4时，209份黄花草果资源可被分为4个类群。结论 云南黄花草果居群的遗传多样性水平平均偏高；遗传变异主要存在于居群内，而非居群间。根据基因型，黄花草果和白花草果被明显地划分成2类，遗传距离很远；而黄花草果大致被分为4个类群。

Objective To evaluate the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Amomun tsao-ko populations in Yunnan. Methods Seven pairs of microsatellite (SSR) primers were used to analyze 24 A. tsao-ko populations; First, GenALEx was used to calculate genetic diversity parameters, PCoA and AMOVA analysis was carried out; NTsys software was then used to draw population clusters map; And finally, the Structure software was used to calculate the best K value. Results The average of Shannon's diversity index (H) of the 24 A. tsao-ko populations was 0.49, the average of heterozygosity (H_e) was 0.32, the genetic differentiation coefficient (F_st) was 0.090, and the gene flow (N_m) was 2.930. Eighty-one percent of the genetic differentiation among the 24 populations of A. tsao-ko existed within the population, and only 19% existed among the populations. The genetic identity (I) of the 23 A. tsao-ko populations of yellow flowers was 0.631 8-0.982 4. The genetic distance (D) was in the range of 0.017 7-0.459 2, while the consistency degree of the A. tsao-ko population of white flower (MG5) and 23 other yellow flowers was 0.369 7-0.609 0. However, cluster analysis showed that A. tsao-ko population of the white flowers and yellow flowers were clearly separated at the genetic distance of 0.49. Structure clustering showed 209 A. tsao-ko resources can be divided into four groups when K value was 4. Conclusion The genetic diversity of A. tsao-ko populations of yellow flowers of Yunnan is higher on average, and the genetic variation is mainly found in population rather than among populations. According to the genotypes, A. tsao-ko of yellow flower and white flower are clearly divided into two categories, and the genetic distance is very far; and the yellow flower of A. tsao-ko is roughly divided into four groups.

国家自然科学基金项目"草果居群的分子鉴定及种质资源评价"（81560615）；云南省社会发展科技计划项目"云南草果种植加工关键技术研究与示范"（2011CG015）；云南省科技惠民计划项目"富宁石漠化区域中药材种植关键技术研究及应用示范"（2015RA083）云南省科技计划项目"云南省芳香生物工程技术研究中心建设"（2018DH010）