目的归纳整理中药治疗注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的用药规律，筛选治疗ADHD的最佳中药复方，为临床治疗ADHD以及新药研发提供参考。方法构建治疗ADHD的复方数据库，统计中药频次、性味归经以及功效，并进行关联规则分析；采用Origin-R语言-SPSS（“O-R-S”）整合模式及逆向网络药理学优化中药复方；利用动物行为学实验筛选最佳中药复方。结果共提取出165张中药复方，涉及174味中药，其中19味中药使用频次≥30次。治疗ADHD的中药味以甘，性以平，功效以补虚、清热、安神为主。进行关联规则分析，得到8个药对，38个3味药组。采用“O-R-S”整合模式聚类分析得到4个聚类方（复方1：石菖蒲、远志、五味子、益智、龟甲、龙骨、牡蛎、茯苓、甘草；复方2：白芍、钩藤、郁金、柴胡、生地黄、当归、酸枣仁、甘草、茯苓；复方3：熟地黄、山药、山茱萸、龟甲、五味子、生地黄、龙骨、牡蛎；复方4：石菖蒲、远志、益智、茯苓、当归、酸枣仁）。逆向网络药理学优化的最佳中药复方为桂枝、枇杷叶、紫苏、葛花、柴胡。旷场实验中，复方1、2、4对ADHD大鼠多动性的抑制作用更为突出； Morris水迷宫实验中，复方1、3对ADHD大鼠学习能力与记忆能力的改善作用更为突出。结论治疗ADHD的最佳中药复方为石菖蒲、远志、五味子、益智仁、龟甲、煅龙骨、煅牡蛎、茯苓、甘草。

Objective Medicine rules of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were collected and sorted out, and the optimal TCM prescription was screened. The aim of this study was to provide reference for the clinical treatment and the development of new drugs of ADHD with TCM. Methods The prescription database for ADHD was constructed. The frequency, flavor normalization and efficacy of TCM were calculated, and cluster analysis was performed. Based on the “O-R-S” integrated model and reverse network pharmacology, TCM prescriptions were optimized, and the optimal TCM prescription were screened though the animal behavioral experiments. Results A total of 165 TCM prescriptions was extracted, which 19 were used with a frequency of more than 30. It was found that the main TCM for ADHD were mainly sweet in taste, flat in nature, deficiency tonifying, heat-clearing and tranquillizing. According to the analysis of association rules, there were eight drug pairs and 38 three-herb groups, among which Polygala tenuifolia Willd and Acorus gramineus have the most frequent herb pair and the highest degree of support. Four clustered prescriptions were obtained through the “O-R-S” integrated model. Prescription 1 consisted of Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma, Polygalae Radix, Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus, Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum, Os Draconis, Concha Ostreae, PoriaCocos and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma; Prescription 2 included Paeoniae Radix Alba, Uncariae Ramulus cum Uncis, Curcumae Radix, Bupleuri Radix, Rehmanniae Radix, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Ziziphi Spinosae Semen, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Poria Cocos; Prescription 3 contained Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata, Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Cornus Of icinalis Fructus, Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum, Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, Rehmanniae Radix, Os Draconis and Concha Ostreae; Prescription 4 was composed of Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma, Polygalae Radix, Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus, Poria Cocos, Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Ziziphi Spinosae Semen. The optimal TCM prescription optimized by reverse network pharmacology consists of Ramulus Cinnamomi, Folium Eriobotryae, Herba Perillae, Flos Puerariae Lobatae, and Radix Bupleuri. In the open field test, TCM prescription 1, 2, and 4 showed more prominent inhibitory effects on the hyperactivity of ADHD rats, and in the Morris water maze test, TCM prescription 1 and 3 exhibited more significant improving effects on the learning ability and memory ability of ADHD rats. Conclusion The optimal TCM prescription for ADHD consists of Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii, Radix Polygalae, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis, Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae, Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis, Os Draconis, Concha Ostreae, Poria, and Radix Glycyrrhizae.

R286.1

山东省中医药科技发展计划（ M-2022198，2020Q040）；中央引导地方科技发展资金项目（ 22-1-3-11-zyyd-nsh）；山东省中西医结合抑郁障碍防治项目（ YXH2019ZXY006）