随着精准医学的发展，肿瘤的治疗与管理正从传统的“一刀切”模式向个体化、动态化的新范式转变。在这一进程中，能够实时、无创地反映肿瘤生物学行为的液体活检技术，尤其是循环肿瘤DNA（ctDNA）和循环肿瘤细胞（CTCs）等新型肿瘤标志物（TMs），展现出巨大的临床应用潜力。基于液体活检技术的新型TMs在肿瘤全程化管理中发挥了关键作用。在疗效监测方面，传统TMs（如CEA、CA125）的动态变化与ctDNA中耐药基因（如EGFR T790M）的监测相结合，为化疗和靶向治疗提供了“实时雷达”；而cfDNA完整性、免疫细胞因子等新型标志物则为免疫治疗的响应评估开辟了新途径。在预后评估方面，基线时的CTCs计数、ctDNA突变负荷等“分子标签”已被证实与患者生存结局密切相关，为早期风险分层提供了有力依据。在复发预警方面，术后或根治性治疗后通过ctDNA进行分子残留病灶（MRD）检测，能够比影像学更早地发现复发风险，为干预治疗赢得宝贵时间。总结新型TMs在构建肿瘤精准医疗闭环管理中的核心地位，在推广应用这些新型TMs检测时面临方法学标准化、结果解读的临床沟通及周转时间等挑战，并提出相应的应对策略。旨在为推动TMs的临床转化与规范应用，以及肿瘤的个体化精准诊疗提供参考。

With the in-depth development of precision medicine, the treatment and management of tumors are shifting from the traditional "one-size-fits-all" model to a new paradigm characterized by individualization and dynamism. In this process, liquid biopsy technologies, which can reflect tumor biological behavior in real time and non-invasively—particularly tumor markers such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs)—have demonstrated immense potential for clinical application. This article provides a systematic review of the key roles of tumor markers in the comprehensive management of cancer patients from treatment through recovery. In terms of efficacy monitoring, the dynamic changes in traditional markers (e.g., CEA, CA125) combined with the monitoring of resistance genes (e.g., EGFR T790M) in ctDNA serve as a “real-time radar” for chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Meanwhile, novel markers such as cfDNA integrity and immune cytokines have opened new avenues for assessing responses to immunotherapy. Regarding prognosis evaluation, “molecular signatures” like baseline CTC counts and ctDNA mutation burden have been proven to closely correlate with patient survival outcomes, offering robust evidence for early risk stratification. In recurrence warning, molecular residual disease (MRD) detection via ctDNA after surgery or radical treatment can identify recurrence risks earlier than imaging, providing valuable time for intervention. This article also discusses the challenges associated with the widespread adoption of these novel marker tests, including methodological standardization, clinical communication for result interpretation, and turnaround time, along with corresponding strategies. Finally, it summarizes the central role of tumor markers in establishing a closedloop management system for precision oncology and looks ahead to future directions in areas such as multi-omics integration and artificial intelligence-assisted decision-making, aiming to provide theoretical reference for promoting the clinical translation and standardized application of tumor markers.

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