传统抗癌治疗因特异性低、不良反应大等局限，推动不良反应更小的肿瘤免疫疗法成为研究热点，其核心机制是通过调节机体免疫系统增强自然防御功能，实现对恶性肿瘤细胞的控制与杀伤。外泌体作为介导细胞间通讯的纳米级囊泡，凭借其独特的生物学特性及免疫调节功能备受关注，其中树突状细胞（DC）来源外泌体（Dex）展现出显著优势。Dex可携带DC表面标记分子，高效捕获肿瘤相关抗原并激活免疫细胞依赖性肿瘤排斥反应。临床前研究证实，其抗肿瘤功效优于传统DC疫苗，且具备抵抗肿瘤免疫抑制微环境的特性，被认为是更优的无细胞治疗疫苗替代方案。聚焦Dex在肿瘤免疫治疗领域的前沿进展，系统阐述其生物学特性、关键免疫作用机制及疫苗研发动态，旨在为Dex疫苗的临床转化应用提供理论参考。

Due to the limitations of traditional anti-cancer treatments such as low specificity and significant adverse reactions, tumor immunotherapy with fewer side effects has become a research hotspot. Its core mechanism is to enhance the natural defense function by regulating the body’s immune system, thereby achieving control and killing of malignant tumor cells. Exosomes, as nanoscale vesicles mediating intercellular communication, have attracted much attention due to their unique biological characteristics and immunomodulatory functions. Among them, DC-derived exosomes（Dex） have demonstrated significant advantages. Dex can carry DC surface marker molecules, efficiently capture tumor-associated antigens and activate immune cell-dependent tumor rejection responses. Preclinical studies have confirmed that its anti-tumor efficacy is superior to that of traditional DC vaccines, and it has the characteristic of resisting the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. It is considered a better alternative to cell-free therapeutic vaccines. This article focuses on the cutting-edge progress of Dex in the field of tumor immunotherapy, systematically expounding its biological characteristics, key immune action mechanisms, and vaccine research and development trends, aiming to provide theoretical references for the clinical transformation and application of Dex vaccines.

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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82402600); 河南省科技研发计划联合基金项目(232301420070); 河南省高等学校重点科研项目基础研究专项(23ZX005); 河南省自然科学基金项目(232300421164)