脂肪酸作为一类重要的有机化合物，根据其在植物体内存在状态分为结合型与游离型2种形式。它们广泛分布于植物的种子与果实中，其中结合型脂肪酸主要以三酰甘油的形式存在，属于人体必需的三大营养素之一，不仅提供能量，还供应必需的脂肪酸和脂溶性维生素。游离型脂肪酸，由长链烷烃基团与羧酸基相连，根据碳链的长短和饱和度的不同，可进一步细分为多种类型。因不饱和脂肪酸在维持生理功能中起到了关键作用，故其受到广泛关注。对植物源脂肪酸的化学成分进行系统的分类与总结，并对其药理作用进行了全面的梳理，特别强调了多不饱和脂肪酸在调节血脂、心脏保护、神经保护和抗肿瘤作用方面的研究进展，旨在为脂肪酸类植物资源的深入开发和新药研发提供理论依据和参考。

Fatty acids, as a category of vital organic compounds, can be classified into bound and free forms based on their presence within plants. They are extensively distributed in the seeds and fruits of plants, with bound fatty acids predominantly existing in the form of triglycerides, constituting one of the three essential nutrients required by the human body. These not only supply energy but also provide essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. Free fatty acids, linked by a long-chain alkane group to a carboxylic acid, can be further differentiated into various types based on the length and saturation of the carbon chain. Particularly, unsaturated fatty acids play a pivotal role in sustaining physiological functions and are the focal point of this study. This paper systematically categorizes and summarizes the chemical constituents of plant-derived fatty acids and comprehensively reviews their pharmacological effects. Special emphasis is placed on the research progress of polyunsaturated fatty acids in regulating blood lipids, cardiac protection, neuroprotection, and antitumor activity. The aim of this study is to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the in-depth development of fatty acid plant resources and the creation of new drugs.

R285.5

国家自然科学基金资助项目(82174209)；云浮市2022年中医药（南药）产业创新团队项目（云科函[2022]71号）；2022年度普通高校认定类科研项目（2022KQNCX033）；广东省教育厅青年创新人才项目（2022KQNCX033）