传统灭活、减毒疫苗的感染风险和亚单位疫苗的低免疫原性限制了疫苗的临床应用，近年来，基于纳米递送载体的疫苗因其优秀的靶向递送、抗原呈递效果受到广泛关注。通过调控纳米递送载体的物理化学性质，基于纳米递送载体的疫苗可以模拟天然感染过程，精准将特异性抗原快速递送到淋巴结或靶部位，促进抗原呈递细胞的成熟和抗原的交叉呈递，激活效应免疫细胞，诱导强大的免疫反应，纳米疫苗还能与免疫检查点抑制剂、肿瘤血管生成抑制剂等药物进行联合治疗，预防疾病的复发，降低其不良反应。综述了纳米递送载体的被动靶向、生物相容性、主动靶向、改善免疫应答和诱导黏膜免疫应答的功能，以及近年来基于纳米递送载体的疫苗在肿瘤免疫治疗、自身免疫性疾病和传染病预防等方面的应用进展，并讨论其未来发展与面临的挑战。

The infection risk of traditional inactivated and attenuated vaccines and the low immunogenicity of subunit vaccines have limited the clinical application of vaccines. In recent years, vaccines based on nano-delivery carriers have attracted widespread attention for their excellent targeted delivery and antigen presentation. By regulating the physicochemical properties of nanodelivery carriers, nano-delivery carrier-based vaccines can mimic the natural infection process, accurately and rapidly deliver specific antigens to lymph nodes or target sites, promote cross-presentation of antigens, activate effector immune cells, and induce strong immune responses. Nanovaccines can also be combined with drugs such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and tumor angiogenesis inhibitors to prevent disease recurrence and reduce their adverse effects. This paper reviews the passive targeting, biocompatibility, active targeting, immune response improvement and mucosal immune response induction functions of nanodelivery vectors, as well as the progress of the application of nano-delivery vector-based vaccines in the immunotherapy of tumors, autoimmune diseases and prevention of infectious diseases in recent years, and discusses their future development and challenges.

R979.5

中国食品药品检定研究院关键技术研究基金项目（GJJS-2022-6-4）