转录信使RNA（mRNA）具有安全有效的蛋白质表达谱，在遗传病新疗法、表达功能性蛋白和抗体、疫苗或基因编辑的开发上具有良好的应用前景。随着病原生物学与免疫学的发展，mRNA疫苗凭借其高效性与稳定性而愈发被重视。目前，有效的体内递送手段是mRNA疫苗所面临的较大挑战，脂质载体的mRNA疫苗递送系统具有靶向性强、包封率高、细胞亲和性好的特点，部分脂质载体能够使mRNA疫苗在体内以非侵入性的方式进行靶向递送。从mRNA疫苗递送的主要难点、脂质载体在mRNA疫苗递送中的研究现状以及针对新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）的mRNA脂质载体疫苗开发进展，共3个方面总结了目前基于脂质载体的mRNA疫苗递送系统研究进展，并对未来的基因疫苗递送系统研究方向进行展望。

Transcriptional messenger RNA(mRNA) has a safe and effective protein expression profile and a good application prospect in the development of new treatment strategies for genetic diseases, expression of functional proteins and antibodies, vaccines or gene editing. With the development of pathogenic biology and immunology, mRNA vaccine has been paid more and more attention because of its high efficiency and stability. At present, the effective means of in vivo delivery is a great challenge for mRNA vaccines. The mRNA vaccine delivery system based on lipid carriers has the characteristics of strong targeting, high entrapment efficiency and good cellular affinity. Some lipid carriers can enable mRNA vaccines to be targeted in a non-invasive manner. This review summarized the research progress of mRNA vaccine delivery system based on lipid vector from three aspects: main challenge of mRNA vaccine delivery, research status of lipid carriers in mRNA vaccine delivery and development progress of mRNA lipid carrier vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, and looks forward to the research direction of gene vaccine delivery system in the future.

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国家自然科学基金面上资助项目（82074030）；天津市科技计划项目（19JCTPJC57600）；2020年度天津中医药大学研究生科研创新项目（YJSKC-20201022）