目的 研究家兔鼻腔的解剖学和组织学结构，为吸入性毒性研究提供有效的病理学评价方法。方法 采集正常成年家兔的鼻腔，经10%中性福尔马林溶液固定，三氯甲烷脱脂，甲酸溶液脱钙后，从鼻腔顶端开始连续切片，HE染色，对其中具有标志性的解剖学和组织学结构部位的4个切面的主要上皮类型和组织结构进行评价。结果 切面Ⅰ在紧靠门齿后修取，主要排列有鳞状上皮带有少量密集的变移上皮，该部位仅适用于灌注给药试验的毒性病理学评价。第一个腭脊处修取切面II，主要排列有变移上皮和呼吸上皮。紧靠第一个上前臼齿前修取切面III，紧靠第一个上臼齿前修取切面IV，切面III和切面IV排列有呼吸上皮和嗅上皮，通常还分布有鼻相关性淋巴组织。与大鼠、小鼠、狗、猴相比，家兔鼻腔的相对体积与人类似。结论 通过家兔明显的颅骨解剖标志物确定鼻腔的4个组织切面，可完整涵盖所有鼻腔内的组织结构特征，这为临床前药物安全性评价中鼻腔的科学性评估提供支持和帮助。

Objective To research the anatomy and histology of rabbit nasal cavity in order to provide an effective pathological evaluation method for inhalation toxicity study. Methods The nasal cavities of normal adult rabbits were collected and fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution, skimmed by chloroform, decalcified by formic acid solution, then continuously sectioned from the tops of the nasal cavities, finally, the nasal cavity tissue sections were HE stained. The major epithelial types and histological structures were evaluated in these four levels of the nasal cavity with anatomical and histological features. Results Level I was sectioned immediately posterior to the incisors and lined predominantly by squamous epithelium with small amounts of dense transitional epithelium. This level is only suitable for the evaluation of the toxic pathology of perfusion administration study. Level II was sectioned at the first palatal ridge and lined primarily with transitional and respiratory epithelium. Level III was sectioned immediately anterior to the first upper premolar teeth, and Level IV was sectioned immediately anterior to the first upper molar. Levels III and IV were lined with respiratory and olfactory epithelium and often contained nasal-associated lymphoid tissue. The relative volume of the rabbit nasal cavity is also similar to that of humans in comparison with those of other common laboratory species rat, mouse, dog, and cynomolgus monkey. Conclusion The four sections of the nasal cavity determined by the obvious skull anatomical markers of the rabbit can completely cover all the structural characteristics of the nasal cavity, which will provide support and help for the scientific evaluation of the nasal cavity in the preclinical drug safety evaluation.

R965.3

“十三五”重大新药创制专项课题“创新药物非临床安全性评价研究关键技术”（编号2018ZX09201017）