目的 探讨抗菌药物致血小板减少发生的规律和特点，为临床安全用药提供参考。方法 检索2000年1月-2016年12月中国学术期刊（光盘版）、万方数字化期刊全文库、中文科技期刊全文数据库（维普）等数据库报道的抗菌药物引起血小板减少的个案病例文献，并对其进行分析和讨论。结果 青霉素类、头孢类、唑烷酮类、抗结核药和氟喹诺酮类药物发生较多，一般发生在用药后2周内（83.33%）；临床表现上有仅血小板减少（38.89%）、血小板减少并皮肤瘀斑瘀点（37.30%）、血小板减少并口鼻出血（18.25%）；在处理方法上43.65%患者仅给予了停药或换用其他药物处理，55.56%患者血小板计数在7 d内恢复。结论 临床中应警惕抗菌药物导致血小板减少的发生，一旦发生应首选停药等措施进行处理，多数患者能在短时间内恢复，严重患者可给予糖皮质激素、人免疫球蛋白、输注血小板等治疗。

Objective To investigate the rules and characteristics of thrombocytopenia caused by antibiotics, and to provide the references for the safe use of drugs in clinic. Methods Chinese Academic Journal (CD), Wangfang Database, Chinese Science and Technology Journal Full-text Database (VIP) were retrieved from January 2000 to January 2016, and the documents of thrombocytopenia caused by antibiotics were analyzed and discussed. Results Cases of thrombocytopenia caused by penicillins, cephalosporins, oxazolidinone, anti-tuberculosis drugs, and fluoroquinolones were more than others, which generally occurred during 2 weeks after treatment (83.33%). Clinical manifestations included thrombocytopenia (38.89%), thrombocytopenia and skin petechia (37.30%), thrombocytopenia and oronasal hemorrhage (18.25%). Patients (43.65%) were treated with drug withdrawal or changing to other drugs. Blood platelet count of patients (55.56%) was recovered in 7 d. Conclusion Attentions should be paid to thrombocytopenia caused by antibiotics, which should be firstly treated by withdrawing drugs, and most patients will recover within a short time. Serious cases may be treated with glucocorticoids, human immunoglobulin, and platelet transfusion therapy.