血栓性疾病包含血栓形成和血栓栓塞所引起的疾病，又称血栓栓塞性疾病，是人类常见的多发病，严重危害人类的健康，是现代社会主要的致死性疾病之一。抗凝血药物是通过影响凝血过程中的某些影响因子来阻止血液凝固，从而起到预防与治疗血栓栓塞性疾病的作用。多肽等蛋白类抗凝血药见效快、不良反应小，是今后抗凝药研究的重点。对抗凝血多肽等蛋白类抗凝药物进行了评述。

Thrombotic disease,caused by thrombosis and thromboembolism, was also called thromboembolic disease, which is a common frequently-occurring disease. It is seriously harmful to human health and is one of the major causes of death in modern society. Anticoagulant drugs prevent blood clotting by influencing some impact factors in the blood coagulation process, and play an important role in prevention and treatment of the thromboembolic disease. Biological anticoagulant drugs, for example polypeptide, which have many advantages such as taking quickly effect but low side effects, are mostly becoming the emphasis in the study on anticoagulants. In this paper, several anticoagulant polypeptides and biological kinds of anticoagulation drugs have been reviewed.