目的 通过研究火麻仁水提液对便秘模型大鼠肠道菌群结构、短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）水平以及结肠炎症的病理变化，探讨火麻仁润肠通便作用的现代科学内涵。方法 SPF级Wistar大鼠48只，雌雄各半，随机分为对照组、模型组、火麻仁水提液组、阳性对照（优乐多益生元）组，给药处理28 d。采用复方地芬诺酯制备便秘致肠道菌群紊乱的大鼠模型。采用细菌平板计数法检测新鲜粪便中细菌变化，PCR-DGGE检测盲肠内菌群结构变化；气相色谱法测定盲肠中SCFAs水平；对结肠进行HE病理染色观察并评分。结果 与对照组相比，模型组大鼠新鲜粪便中大肠杆菌及双歧杆菌有增多趋势，乳酸杆菌减少（P < 0.01）；盲肠内细菌厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门比值升高，丁酸梭菌属、乳酸杆菌属减少；肠道内乙酸、丁酸水平显著升高（P < 0.05、0.01）；结肠病理评分显著升高（P < 0.01）。与模型组相比，火麻仁水提液调整盲肠中厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门比值，升高乳酸杆菌、丁酸梭菌、Blautia、颤杆菌等水平，降低梭菌属IV群等水平；降低乙酸、丁酸水平（P < 0.05）；降低结肠病理评分，改善病理损伤（P < 0.05）。结论 火麻仁水提液能够缓解模型大鼠的便秘状态并修复结肠炎性损伤，其作用途径与调整肠道微生态有关，即促进失调的肠道菌群恢复平衡，同时通过影响肠道内SCFAs水平而改变肠道内的酸性环境。

Objective To investigate the effects of the water extract of Cannabis Fructus on intestinal flora structure, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels, and pathological changes of colonic inflammation, and explore its scientific connotation of laxative action. Methods A total of 48 Wistar rats (SPF grade), sex in half, were randomly divided into control group, model group, Cannabis Fructus water extract group, and positive control group. The rats of model group were caused constipation and enteric flora disturbance by diphenoxylate. The bacterial counts in the fresh stool were tested by plate count method 28 days after administration, and the changes of intestinal flora structure in cecum was detected by PCR-DGGE method, the contents of SCFAs in cecum were determinated by GC method, and the coton pathological score of the rats were studied by HE staining method. Results Compared with the blank group, the number of Escherichia coli and Bifidobacterium was increased but Bacillus acidi lactici was decreased significantly (P < 0.05, 0.01) in fresh stool of the model group. The ratio of Firmicutes bacteria to Bacteroides bacteria was increased, the number of Butyricicoccus and Cillobacterium was decreased, the concentration of acetic acid and butyric acid was increased significantly (P < 0.05, 0.01), and the pathology score of colon was increased significantly (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, Cannabis Fructus water extract can adjust the ratio of Firmicutes bacteria to Bacteroides bacteria, increase the number of Cillobacterium, Butyricicoccus, Blautia, and Oscillibacter in cecum, decrease the number of Clostridium IV, etc., decrease the concentration of acetic acid and butyric acid (P < 0.05), reduce the pathology score, and improve the damage of intestinal structure (P < 0.05). Conclusion Cannabis Fructus water extract can alleviate constipation and accelerate the recovery of colitis injury in model rats. The functional route of Cannabis Fructus water extract may relate to the disorder of intestinal flora balance adjustment and effect of the concentration of SCFAs so as to change the acidic environment in the intestinal tract.

国家自然科学基金面上项目（81473435）；国家自然科学基金青年项目（81503363）；河南中医学院科技创新人才支持计划（2015XCXRC02）；河南省科技厅科学发展计划（144300510015）；河南省高等学校重点科研项目计划（13A360583）