目的 对天麻Gastrodia elata物候期和蒴果进行研究，为克服天麻种性退化，培育优良种子，提供优质种源。方法 采用完全区组试验设计的方法，进行室内盆栽试验，分析了各栽培措施对两种天麻物候期和蒴果的影响。结果 从物候期看，3个种麻栽培时间中，12月栽培的红、绿天麻的现蕾期、开花期、结果期持续时间长（红天麻分别为12.50、9.80、7.25 d，绿天麻分别为12.80、10.75、7.00 d），种子成熟时间短（红天麻为19.50 d，绿天麻为18.50 d）；3个种麻分级中，一、二级红、绿天麻的各物候期持续时间无显著差异（P＜0.05）。从蒴果上看，现蕾初期不打尖时，3个种麻栽培时间中，12月栽培的红、绿天麻蒴果质量好，红天麻蒴果数、蒴果质量和种子生命力分别为66.50个/株、28.18 g/株、87.88%；绿天麻蒴果数、蒴果质量和种子生命力分别为63.00个/株、20.09 g/株、78.40%；3个种麻分级中，一级红天麻的蒴果质量最好（蒴果数为96.29个/株，蒴果质量达50.21 g/株），三级绿天麻的蒴果质量最差（蒴果数为40.00个/株，蒴果质量为14.90 g/株）。结论 在贵州西北地区，以一级红天麻，一、二级绿天麻作种，并于12月进行栽培，现蕾初期不采用打尖处理时，可以获得优质的天麻蒴果。

Objective To study the phenophase and capsule of two varieties of Gastrodia elata in order to overcome genetic depression and to cultivate good seeds and supply high-quality seeds source of G. elata. Methods Indoor pot tests were performed to analyze the effects of different cultivation measures on the phenophase and capsule of G. elata f. elata and G. elata f. viridis using a completely random block design. Results For the phenophase, when the cultivation time was in December, the durations of squaring stage, flowering and fruiting periods of G. elata f. elata were 12.50, 9.80, and 7.25 d, respectively, while the durations of these same phenophases for G. elata f. viridis were 12.80, 10.75, and 7.00 d, respectively. Therefore, these durations for G. elata f. elata cultivated in December were longer. Furthermore, the duration of the seed mature period of G. elata f. elata and G. elata f. viridis was shorter (G. elata f. elata was 19.50 d, G. elata f. viridis was 18.50 d). Among three mature tuber classifications, there were no significant differences between one-rank and two-rank mature tubers of G. elata f. elata and G. elata f. viridis (P < 0.05). For the capsule, when the cultivation was in December and without pinching in the squaring stage, the qualities of G. elata f. elata and G. elata f. viridis were the highest. The capsule number, weight, and seed vitality of G. elata f. elata were 66.50 individuals/plant, 28.18 g/plant, and 87.88%, respectively and G. elata f. viridis showed 63.00 individuals/plant, 20.09 g/plant, and 78.40%; Among the three mature tuber classifications, the capsule quality of one-rank G. elata f. elata was the best (the capsule number and weight were 96.29 individuals/plant and 50.21 g/plant) and three-rank G. elata f. viridis was the poorest (the capsule number and weight were 40.00 individuals/plant and 14.90 g/plant) without pinching in the squaring stage. Conclusion In northwestern Guizhou Province, the capsule quality of one-rank G. elata f. elata and one-rank or two-rank G.elata f. viridis are the best when cultivated in December and without pinching in the squaring stage.

国家科技支撑计划课题（2007BAD53B04）；中国科学院科技支黔项目（ZQ-08-02）