肺系疾病是临床高发、迁延难愈的常见病症，且易反复发作、逐步进展，严重危害人体呼吸系统健康，给临床诊疗带来极大挑战。当前传统中药方剂在临床应用中面临靶向性不足、生物利用度低等瓶颈，难以实现肺组织精准给药与高效治疗，已难以满足现代临床精准化、高效化的诊疗需求。近年来研究发现，中药活性成分可通过氢键、疏水作用、π-π堆积等非共价键作用力自发组装形成纳米颗粒。该类中药自组装纳米体系具有制备工艺简便、靶向特异性强、生物相容性佳、药效稳定及不良反应低等优势，有效弥补了传统中药方剂的短板，为肺系疾病靶向精准防治提供了全新思路与技术策略。系统梳理中药活性成分自组装的形成机制、结构特征及制备优势，全面梳理中药自组装体系在肺炎、急性肺损伤、肺纤维化、肺癌等各类肺系疾病防治中的最新研究进展，总结当前领域面临的技术瓶颈与应用局限，并对其未来发展方向、临床转化前景及创新应用潜力进行展望，为中药自组装靶向递送体系的深度研发与优化改良，及肺系疾病精准治疗的临床推广提供理论参考与实践依据。

Pulmonary diseases are clinically prevalent, intractable common disorders characterized by recurrent episodes and progressive deterioration. They severely impair human respiratory health and pose substantial challenges to clinical diagnosis and treatment. Conventional traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas are confronted with bottlenecks including insufficient targeting ability and low bioavailability, which hinder precise drug delivery to lung tissues and efficient therapeutic outcomes, failing to meet the demands of modern precise and high-efficiency clinical practice. Recent studies have revealed that bioactive components from TCM can spontaneously self-assemble into nanoparticles via non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic forces, and π-π stacking. Such TCM self-assembled nanosystems feature simple fabrication procedures, favorable targeting specificity, superior biocompatibility, stable pharmacological effects and low adverse reactions. These merits effectively overcome the limitations of conventional TCM preparations and offer innovative strategies for targeted and precise prevention and treatment of pulmonary diseases. This review systematically elaborates on the formation mechanisms, structural characteristics and preparative advantages of self-assembly of TCM bioactive constituents. It comprehensively summarizes the latest research advances of TCM self-assembled systems in the prevention and treatment of various pulmonary diseases including pneumonia, acute lung injury, pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer. Moreover, the technical bottlenecks and application constraints in this field are discussed, and prospects for future development, clinical translation and innovative application potential are proposed. This work provides theoretical references and practical evidence for the in-depth research, optimization and modification of TCM self-assembled targeted delivery systems, as well as the clinical promotion of precise therapies for pulmonary diseases.

R285

国家自然科学基金资助项目（82374266）；湖南省自然科学基金资助项目（2025JJ80078）；湖南省医学学科A类建设项目（中医内科）（湘卫医发[2025]7号）