糖尿病是以血糖水平慢性增高为特征的代谢性疾病，其患病率高、并发症多、疾病负担重。蛋白质翻译后修饰（post-translational modifications，PTMs）是蛋白质组结构和功能具有复杂性和变异性的核心之一，PTMs通过将特定化学基团等与氨基酸连接来动态调节蛋白质结构、活性、定位和分子互作进而影响细胞活动。大量研究表明，PTMs参与糖尿病及其并发症的发生和发展，调控PTMs并寻找相应的药物靶点有望成为干预糖尿病等代谢性疾病的新选择。近年来，临床前研究揭示了中药调节PTMs进而防治糖尿病及其并发症的应用潜力，但缺乏系统梳理与总结展望。通过对中医药调控PTMs防治糖尿病及其并发症的研究进行综述，为糖尿病及其并发症的治疗提供新的见解，为相关新药的研发提供新的思路。

Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by chronically elevated blood sugar levels, which has a high prevalence, multiple complications, and a heavy disease burden. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are one of the cores for the complexity and variability of proteomics structure and function, dynamically regulating the protein structure, activity, location, and molecular interactions to impact cell functions by attaching specific chemical groups to amino acids. Increasing research indicates that PTMs are involved in the occurrence and development of diabetes and its complications. Modulating PTMs and identifying corresponding drug targets may become a new option for intervening in metabolic diseases like diabetes. In recent years, preclinical studies have revealed the potential applications of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and its active ingredients in targeting PTMs to intervene in diabetes and its complications. Therefore, this article will review the intervention of diabetes and its complications by modulating PTMs with TCM and its active ingredients in the hope of providing new insights for treatment of diabetes and its complications, and offering new perspectives for the development of related new drugs.

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中央高水平医院临床科研业务费资助（北京大学第一医院青年临床研究专项）（2023YC32）;国家中西医协同慢病管理研究项目（CXZH2024154）;中医药传承与创新“百千万”人才工程（岐黄工程）—国家中医药领军人才支持计划[国中医人教函（2022）6号];山西省中医药管理局科研课题（2024ZYY2C132）;北京大学第一医院培育基金（2024PY07）