目的 探讨黄芪温热效应引起“上火”反应的物质基础及机制。方法 对黄芪水煎液中黄酮和皂苷部位进行分离，采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱对已分离部位进行成分鉴别；将SD大鼠随机分为8组，分别给予蒸馏水及相应药物。以《中国药典》规定的日服剂量的4倍进行ig给药，连续30 d。观察大鼠状态，测定肛温、摄食量、粪便量、粪便含水量和唾液量；测定炎症因子、甲状腺功能、肾上腺功能与能量代谢的相关指标；检测各组肝脏中单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶（adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase，AMPK）、过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体辅助活化因子-1α（peroxisome proliferator-activated-recptor-γ coactivator-1α，PGC-1α）、核呼吸因子1（nuclear respiratory factor 1，NRF1）、线粒体转录因子A（mitochondrial transcription factor A，TFAM）的mRNA和蛋白表达量。结果 多糖、黄酮和皂苷部位的分离度良好，多糖质量分数大于50%，皂苷、黄酮部位质量分数均大于80%，共鉴别出21种黄酮类成分和6种皂苷类成分。给药后与对照组相比，各组别大鼠体质量无显著差异；全成分组肛温明显升高（P＜0.05）；全成分组、多糖组粪便含水量显著降低（P＜0.05、0.01），缺皂苷组粪便含水量显著升高（P＜0.001）；第28天唾液量多糖组、皂苷组、缺黄酮组显著降低（P＜0.001）；全成分组、多糖组、皂苷组和缺多糖组肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α，TNF-α）水平显著升高（P＜0.05、0.01、0.001），多糖组白细胞介素-6（interleukin-6，IL-6）水平显著升高（P＜0.01），全成分组IL-1β水平显著升高（P＜0.05）；各组17-羟皮质类固醇（17-hydroxycorticosteroid，17-OHCS）含量均有上调趋势，其中全成分组、多糖组、皂苷组、缺多糖组和缺黄酮组有显著性差异（P＜0.05、0.01）；全成分组、缺皂苷组与缺黄酮组的Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺-ATP酶活力与Na⁺,K⁺-ATP酶活力升高，全成分组和多糖组琥珀酸脱氢酶（succinate dehydrogenase，SDH）活力显著增加（P＜0.05、0.01）。各组对AMPK、PGC-1α、NRF1、TFAM的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均有上调趋势，其中全成分组和多糖组的上调趋势优于其余各组。结论 过量食用黄芪导致“上火”可能与多糖及皂苷部位引起的炎症反应、能量代谢增强有关，其机制与AMPK介导的PGC-1α/NFR1通路相关，其中多糖的影响较大。

Objective To explore the material basis and mechanism of "Shanghuo" caused by warm nature of Huangqi (Astragali Radix). Methods The flavonoids and saponins in Astragali Radix decoction were isolated and identified by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS firstly. Then SD rats were randomly divided into eight groups, administrated with distilled water and corresponding drugs, respectively. The daily dose was administered at four times dosage prescribed by Chinese Pharmacopoeia for 30 d. The state of rats was observed, rectal temperature, food intake, fecal output, feces moisture and saliva volume were measured. The related indexes including inflammatory factors, thyroid function, adrenal function and energy metabolism were determined. Finally, mRNA and protein expressions of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated-recptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NFR1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) in each group were detected. Results There was a good separation for polysaccharides, flavonoids and saponins, at the same time the purity of total polysaccharides, saponins and flavonoids was more than 50%, 80% and 80% respectively. A total of 21 flavonoids and six saponins were identified. There was no significant difference in body weight among all groups, while the rectal temperature of Astragali Radix group was significantly increased (P < 0.05) by comparing to control group. The feces moisture of Astragali Radix and polysaccharides group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05, 0.01), however polysaccharides plus flavonoids group was significantly increased (P < 0.001) by comparing to control group. For saliva volume, compared with control group, polysaccharides, saponins and polysaccharides plus saponins group were significantly decreased on 28th day (P < 0.001). The level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in Astragali Radix, polysaccharides, saponins and saponins plus flavonoids groups were all significantly increased (P < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001), while only interleukin-6 (IL-6) level in polysaccharides group was significantly increased (P < 0.01), IL-1β level in Astragali Radix group was increased (P < 0.05) by comparing to control group. The contents of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS) in all groups were increased by comparing with control group, while Astragali Radix, polysaccharides, saponins, saponins plus flavonoids group and saponins plus polysaccharides groups had significantly difference (P < 0.05, 0.01). Compared with control group, activities of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺-ATPase and Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase in Astragali Radix, polysaccharides plus flavonoids and polysaccharides plus saponins were increased, activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in Astragali Radix and polysaccharides group were also significantly increased (P < 0.05, 0.01). Compared with control group, mRNA and protein expressions of AMPK, PGC-1α, NRF1 and TFAM were upregulated in all groups, and the trends of Astragali Radix and polysaccharides group were better than that of other groups. Conclusion "Shanghuo" induced by excessive consumption of Astragali Radix may be related to the inflammatory reaction and enhanced energy metabolism caused by polysaccharides and saponins of Astragali Radix. The mechanism may be related to AMPK mediated PGC-1α/NFR1 pathway, and polysaccharides played a major role.

国家自然科学基金面上项目(82074022);国家自然科学基金联合基金重点项目(U21A20410);科技部"中医药现代化研究"重点研发计划项目子课题(2019YFC1710800);山西省应用基础研究项目(201801D221436);山西省教育厅科技创新计划项目(2019L0720);山西省中医药管理局项目(2019ZYYC016);山西省重点研发计划项目(201903D421018);山西省重点研发计划项目(201903D421018);山西药茶的研制和开发项目(2020PY-YC-20)