肠道菌群是人体内最大的微生物群体，多种研究表明肠道菌群紊乱与多系统疾病发生发展密切相关。抗生素使用是影响肠道菌群变化的重要因素，临床上针对感染性疾病的抗菌治疗是一把双刃剑，抗生素使用在某些严重感染时能治病救人，但使用不当也会对肠道菌群造成危害。抗生素通过影响肠道菌群组成及相关免疫代谢等机制可能具有引发儿童相关疾病（湿疹、过敏、哮喘、肥胖）、炎症性肠病（ IBD）、肠易激综合征（ IBS）、代谢性疾病、慢性肝脏疾病、肿瘤等疾病的风险，临床在应用抗生素时需要采取联用益生菌、益生元、肠菌移植（ FMT）等保护肠道菌群手段，或联合使用抗生素缩短单独使用抗生素的时间，联合噬菌体等措施，减轻抗生素使用导致的多重耐药菌感染及对肠道菌群的不良影响。

Intestinal flora is the largest microbial community in the human body. Recent studies have shown that the disturbance of intestinal flora is closely related to the occurrence and development of multi-system diseases. Antibiotic use is an important factor affecting the changes of intestinal flora. Antimicrobial treatment for infectious diseases is a double-edged sword in clinical practice. The use of antibiotics can treat and save lives in certain severe infections, but improper use can also cause harm to the gut microbiota and lead to new diseases. Antibiotics may increase the risk of various diseases through mechanisms such as altering intestinal flora composition and related immune-metabolic processes, including childhood conditions (eczema, allergies, asthma, obesity), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), metabolic disorders, chronic liver diseases, and malignancies. To mitigate antibiotic-induced harm to intestinal flora and reduce the risk of multidrug-resistant infections, clinical strategies should incorporate protective measures such as: Co-administration of probiotics and prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), shortening antibiotic monotherapy duration through combination therapies, and combined use of phages. These approaches aim to preserve microbial balance while maintaining therapeutic efficacy in antimicrobial treatment.

R979.9

深圳市“医疗卫生三名工程”项目资助（SZZYSM202311018）；深圳市科技创新委员会项目（JCYJ20220530172804010）；深圳市龙岗区科技创新局项目（LGWJ2022-81）。